State v. ShawState v. Shaw
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- Before:
- Edmonds
Defendant was convicted of first-degree rape,
Defendant was charged with raping and sexually abusing an 11-year-old girl. The victim testified that defendant walked with her to a secluded area, where he then pulled up her skirt, pulled down her underwear, pushed her against a bank, and held her hands above her head. She told him to stop, but he forced his penis into her vagina. Defendant denied that he had ever met the victim and denied raping or abusing her.
The jury found defendant guilty on both charges. Under
On appeal, defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence that he raped the victim. Rather, he contends that the imposition of a 25-year sentence and lifetime post-prison supervision for that offense is “greater even than the presumptive sentence that he would have received had he committed a murder”; in his view, as applied to the circumstances of this case — namely, that he had no prior criminal record and was amenable to treatment — such a sentence is disproportionate to his crime and amounts to cruel and unusual punishment under the state and federal constitutions.
We begin with defendant’s arguments under Article 1, section 16, of the Oregon Constitution. That section provides, in part, that “[c]ruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted, but all penalties shall be proportioned to the offense.” Or Const, Art I, § 16. The constitutional question posed by defendant is whether, as applied to him, the statutory penalty that was imposed in this case — 25 years’ imprisonment and lifetime post-prison supervision with 10 years of active tracking — is unconstitutionally disproportionate to the offense that he committed. The short answer to that question is no. Regardless of defendant’s criminal history or likelihood of reoffending, the 25-year sentence
In Rodriguez /Buck, the Supreme Court considered whether mandatory 75-month sentences for first-degree sexual abuse in two consolidated cases violated the proportionality requirement of Article I, section 16. The court prefaced its analysis by cautioning that “[i]t is not the role of this court to second-guess the legislature’s determination of the penalty or range of penalties for a crime.” 347 Or at 58. The court also reaffirmed that the traditional test of proportionality — i.e., whether imposition of the prescribed sentence would “shock the moral sense” of reasonable people — remains the touchstone of the analysis. Id. However, the court further developed that test by examining and then applying “three factors that bear upon that ultimate conclusion: (1) a comparison of the severity of the penalty and the gravity of the crime; (2) a comparison of the penalties imposed for other, related crimes; and (3) the criminal history of the defendant.” Id.
In examining the first factor, the court elaborated “on the way in which a court should examine the severity of the penalty, the gravity of the offense, and the relationship between the two.” Id. at 60. The court explained that “the primary determinant of the severity of a penalty is the amount of time that the wrongdoer must spend in prison or jail, if convicted of that offense.” Id. Identifying the relevant “offense” is somewhat more involved:
“Certainly, ‘offense,’ for purposes of the proportionality requirement, includes the statutory definition of the crime, but the ordinary definition of the word ‘offense’ also includes the specific conduct of the defendant that (because it was within the statutory definition) led to the prosecution and conviction of that defendant. We therefore conclude that a defendant’s ‘offense,’ for purposes of Article I, section 16, is the specific defendant’s particular conduct toward the victim that constituted the crime, as well as the general definition of the crime in the statute. In considering a defendant’s claim that a penalty is constitutionally disproportionate as applied to that defendant, then, a court may consider, among other things, the specific circumstances and facts of the defendant’s conduct that come within the statutory definition of the offense, as well as other case-specific factors, such as characteristics of the defendant and the victim, the harm to the victim, and the relationship between the defendant and the victim.”
Id. at 61-62 (footnote omitted; emphasis in original).
Once the relevant “penalty” and “offense” have been identified, the court explained, the next step in the analysis is to determine whether the former is “proportioned” to the latter. Reiterating its previous statement in Wheeler, the court observed that “the use of the word ‘proportioned’ strongly implies ‘that a greater or more severe penalty should be imposed for a greater or more severe offense, and conversely, that a less severe penalty should be imposed for a less severe offense.’ ” 347 Or at 62 (quoting Wheeler, 343 Or at 656). Although the legislature’s prescribed statutory penalty establishes the severity of the crime to a point, courts nonetheless have an independent duty to consider whether specific sentences imposed pursuant to statute are consistent with the proportionality requirement in Article I, section 16. The task of comparing penalties to the offense, the court acknowledged, “involves judgments that courts find difficult, but it is not impossible.” 347 Or at 63. The court drew on United States Supreme Court authority in that regard:
“Comparisons can be made in light of the harm caused or threatened to the victim or society, and the culpability of the offender. * * * [T]here are widely sharedviews as to the relative seriousness of crimes. For example, as the criminal laws make clear, nonviolent crimes are less serious than crimes marked by violence or the threat of violence.
“There are other accepted principles that courts may apply in measuring the harm caused or threatened to the victim or society. The absolute magnitude of the crime may be relevant. Stealing a million dollars is viewed as more serious than stealing a hundred dollars — a point recognized in statutes distinguishing petty theft from grand theft. Few would dispute that a lesser included offense should not be punished more severely than the greater offense. Thus a court is justified in viewing assault with intent to murder as more serious than simple assault.”
347 Or at 63 (quoting Solem v. Helm, 463 US 277, 292-93, 103 S Ct 3001, 77 L Ed 2d 637 (1983) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
The court then turned to the second factor bearing on proportionality: A comparison of penalties imposed for “other, related crimes.” 347 Or at 63. It explained: “If the penalties for more ‘serious’ crimes than the crime at issue result in less severe sentences, that is an indication that the challenged penalty may be disproportionate.” Id. Indeed,
“a standard that considers the offense and the penalty at issue in the context of related offenses and penalties provides a closer connection to the manner in which the substantive criminal laws and the sentencing statutes work together * * * than the purely abstract comparison of any single offense to the penalty for that offense.”
Id. at 64-65. For example, Oregon has an “elaborate listing of sex offenses,” and comparing the conduct constituting the crime and the penalty to other sex crimes is useful in determining proportionality. Id. at 65.
The court, however, was careful to limit the inquiry to “other crimes that have similar characteristics to the crime at issue.” Id. The comparison of penalties for related crimes is not an invitation for courts to “roam freely through the criminal code, deciding which crimes are more or less serious than others.” Id. at 64. Rather, according to the court, the legislature plays the “central role in determining which crimes are more or less serious,” id., and “a court would have difficulty comparing the relative seriousness or gravity of, say, forcible rape and first-degree robbery, or identity theft and harassment[.]” Id. at 65.
Third, the court examined the role of a defendant’s criminal history in assessing proportionality. After reviewing its own precedent, the court explained that “a defendant’s criminal history — including, necessarily, a defendant’s lack of any criminal history — is relevant in determining whether a particular penalty is ‘proportioned’ to the offense.” Id. at 67. For example, a penalty that might be proportional for a repeat offender (as in Wheeler, where the defendant was sentenced to life in prison for multiple felony sex offenses) would not necessarily be proportional for a first-time offender. Id.
In applying the methodology that it had identified to the facts before it, the court held that the trial court was correct in each of the consolidated cases in refusing to impose a statutory minimum sentence of 75 months’ imprisonment on the defendant’s conviction for first-degree sexual abuse. The Supreme Court relied heavily on the fact that the first-degree sexual abuse statute,
“including, but not limited to, momentary touching of an intimate part without the victim’s awareness or knowledge, touching that the victim apprehends but does not appreciate as sexual, momentary touching over clothing, prolonged hand to genital contact, prolonged skin to skin genital contact, and, of course, forcing a person under 18 to engage in bestiality.”
347. Or at 69 (internal quotation marks omitted). Because some of that criminalized conduct is especially harmful— the court used the example of a 50-year-old man forcing a 13-year-old girl to engage in prolonged skin-to-skin contact with him — a mandatory prison term of 75 months’ imprisonment for first-degree sexual abuse does
The court, in sustaining the defendants’ as-applied challenges, again focused on the range of conduct that constitutes first-degree sexual abuse:
“In determining whether the penalty here is unconstitutionally disproportionate, we cannot ignore the limited extent of the offenses — the physical touching — at issue here. There is no evidence that any touching between Rodriguez and the boy involved fondling, stroking, rubbing, or palpating. And the trial court, sitting as the factfinder in Buck, found that his contact with the girl did not involve fondling and was ‘minimal.’ The touchings were brief, if not momentary. There is no evidence of force or threats of any kind. The ‘sexual’ or ‘intimate’ body parts that were touched were clothed. There was no skin-to-skin contact, no genital contact, no penetration, no bodily injury or physical harm. In our view, comparing the statutory sentence of six years and three months in prison to the ‘gravity’ of the touching for which defendants were convicted suggests, preliminarily, that that penalty is not ‘proportioned’ to their offenses as required by Article I, section 16.”
347 Or at 70-71 (footnote omitted). The court’s conclusion in that regard was supported by a comparison of the defendants’ conduct with other conduct that also could be prosecuted as first-degree sexual abuse, particularly, bestiality or sexual contact accomplished through violence towards a victim, armed threats to accomplish sexual contact, or ripping off the victim’s clothes to make sexual contact. The difference between defendants’ conduct and that more harmful conduct — also punished by the same mandatory 75-month sentence as that imposed on the defendants — the court remarked, “is obvious to any reasonable person.” Id. at 71.
After taking that “initial view” that the 75-month mandatory penalty for first-degree sexual abuse was unconstitutionally disproportionate, the court examined the second factor — penalties imposed for related crimes. In applying that factor, the court specifically limited its discussion to other sex offenses, explaining that “courts are ill-equipped to conduct an open-ended inquiry comparing the gravity of disparate crimes as part of a determination of whether the penalty for one of the crimes is disproportionate.” Id. at 74. Three related offenses — second-degree sodomy, second-degree rape, and second-degree sexual penetration — were particularly significant to the court; those offenses involve some sexual penetration of the victim, yet each would yield the same 75-month sentence that the defendants received for sexual contact with clothed breasts (Rodriguez) and clothed buttocks (Buck). Focusing on the related crime of second-degree sexual abuse, the court summarized the proportionality problem in this way:
“Here, in other words, is a sex crime that is closely related in terms of severity and description to first-degree sexual abuse and which, in practice, often is based on conduct that most people would consider far more serious than the conduct of Rodriguez and Buck. Nonetheless, the penalty for that crime is a fraction — incarceration for one twenty-fifth the time — of the penalty that Measure 11 would impose here. It is another indication that Measure 11 sentences in these cases would be disproportionate to the offense.”
Id. at 76.
Lastly, the Supreme Court examined the criminal history of each defendant. Neither of the defendants had any prior convictions, and, in the absence of the mandatory
75-month sentences required under Measure 11, the presumptive sentence for first-degree sexual abuse under those circumstances would have been 16 to 18 months in prison. Even with a more serious criminal record of three or more person felonies, the defendants would have received presumptive sentences of 41 to 45 months in prison. Taking their
In this case, defendant’s proportionality argument has two components, both of which he asserts are supported by
Rodriguez /Buck.
First, he contends that, by imposing a 25-year term of imprisonment for first-degree rape, the legislature “made the mandatory minimum incarceration term the same as the incarceration term for the unclassified felony of intentional murder.”
Compare
Before reaching the specifics of defendant’s contentions, both of which concern the second and third factors discussed in
Rodgriguez/Buck,
we begin our analysis by comparing the “penalty” that defendant received with his
“offense.” The penalty, as discussed above, is 25 years’ imprisonment and lifetime post-prison supervision, the latter of which includes 10 years of active tracking. The “offense” in this case is the forcible rape of an 11-year-old child, which constitutes first-degree rape under
We turn, then, to defendant’s argument that his sentence is disproportionate in light of the penalties for other crimes. There are a number of problems with that argument, not the least of which is that he invites this court to do exactly what the Supreme Court cautioned against in
Rodriguez
/
Buck
— that is, he asks us to conduct an open-ended inquiry into the relative seriousness of unrelated criminal offenses. The legislature plays the central role in determining which crimes are more serious than others, and our review of the penalties for related crimes under Article I, section 16, is intended to allow us “to reach at least general conclusions about whether some related crimes are more serious than others.” 347 Or at 74. More specifically, our role is not to reorganize the criminal code in a hierarchy of offenses, descending in gravity from murder. The courts, as the Supreme Court explained, are ill-equipped for that task, and it is the legislature — not the courts — who grapple with such questions as whether the individual harm and social consequences of raping a child are greater or
In any event, defendant’s underlying premise is flawed: the penalty for first-degree rape is not harsher than the penalty for murder. Defendant narrowly focuses on the
mandatory minimum terms of incarceration for those crimes under
Additionally, when defendant’s penalty is compared to the penalties for truly related offenses, his proportionality argument crumbles.
Finally, defendant contends that his sentence is constitutionally disproportionate in light of the fact that he has no prior criminal history and is amenable to treatment. The fact that defendant had no criminal history is of no relevance in this case. Although criminal history is one factor that could, along with the other factors, demonstrate that a penalty is disproportionate under the circumstances of a particular case, the lack of prior convictions alone has never been sufficient to render an otherwise constitutional penalty disproportionate under Article I, section 16. In this case, defendant committed a heinous act against an 11-year-old child; neither the absence of a prior criminal history, nor his amenability to treatment, makes his sentence such that it shocks the moral sense of reasonable people. We find nothing in Rodriguez /Buck or prior case law that suggests otherwise.
In sum, this is not the rare case in which the penalty imposed violates Article I, section 16. Defendant committed a grave offense and received a severe penalty. The Oregon Constitution does not prohibit that result.
In his second assignment of error, defendant contends that his sentence was disproportionate to his offense and cruel and unusual under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The test for proportionality under the Eighth Amendment is similar to that under Article I, section 16, at least as to the comparison of the offense and the penalty,
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and for the reasons discussed above, we reject defendant’s argument under the federal constitution as well. Indeed, only a bare majority of the United
Affirmed.
Notes
“(a) A person sentenced to a term of imprisonment for violating one of the offenses listed in paragraph (b) of this subsection shall serve a term of post-prison supervision that continues for the rest of the person’s life if the person was at least 18 years of age at the time the person committed the crime.
“(b) The offenses to which paragraph (a) of this subsection applies are:
“(A) OES 163.375(l)(b);
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“(c) When a person is sentenced to a term of post-prison supervision described in paragraph (a) of this subsection, the person must be actively supervised for at least the first 10 years of the post-prison supervision and actively tracked for the remainder of the term. Active tracking may be done by means of an electronic device attached to the person.”
Defendant also suggests that there is a conflict in the statutes with respect to the applicable sentence for a first-degree rape conviction under
See Rodriguez ¡Buck, 347 Or at 59-60 (discussing different tests under Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, section 16, of the Oregon Constitution).