State v. Shanley

20 S.D. 18 | S.D. | 1905

HANEY, J.

Defendant was charged with shooting at one Andrew Striegel with intent to kill him, the said Striegel; was found guilty as charged, his motion for a new trial was denied, and he was sentenced to imprisonment in the penitentiary for six years. It is contended that the court erred in disallowing defendant’s challenge to the grand, jury panel. ’So far as necessary to an understanding of this contention, the record reads as follows: “Upon the grand jury being called that found the indictment in this case, .the defendant interposed the following challenge to the panel; ‘The defendant at this time interposes a challenge to the panel upon the ground * * * that at the meeting of the county commmissioners in July, 1903, the county commissioners directed the clerk of courts to strike certain names from the list of 200 which had been theretofore properly drawn and placed upon the -list; that some of the persons whose names were.so stricken from the list of 200 were at that time qualified to act as jurors in the county of Sanborn; that ..said names were pmitted from .the list of 200 names, and other names were supplied by,the county cornmissioners to.complete the list of 200; and..that at the. time the present, grand jury-and petit jury were drawn for this term of court none of the names so stricken from the list were included in the list of 200 from which this jury was drawn.’ ” It was shown by oral testimony received without objection that at the July, 1903, meeting of the county commissioners, they had the clerk’s list of 200 names before them, and orally directed the clerk to strike off certain names. The vacancies thus created, together with those drawn at the previous term of court, were then filled so as to make a list of 200 names. The Code of Criminal Procedure contains these provisions:

“Sec. 165. The state, or a person held to answer a charge for a public offense, ma}'- challenge the panel of a grand jury, or an individual grand juror.

“Sec. 166. A challenge to the panel may be interposed by either party for one or more of the following causes only: (1) That the requisite number of ballots was not drawn from the jury box of the county or subdivision. (2) That notice of the drawing of the grand jury was not given. (3) That the drawing was not had in the presence of the officers designated by law, or -in the manner prescribed by law.”

“Sec. 173. Neither the state, nor a person held to. answer a charge for a public offense, can take advantage of any objection to the panel or to an individual grand juror unless it be by challenge, and before the grand jury is sworn, except that after the grand jury is sworn, and before the indictment is found, the court may, in its discretion, upon a good cause shown, receive and allow a challenge.”

As it does not affirmatively appear that defendant’s challenge was interposed before the grand jury was sworn, and because the ground of challenge relied upon is not one recognized by the statute, the ruling of the circuit court in relation thereto must be sustained.

The evidence tended to establish this state of facts: On the night of March 30, 1904, the defendant and several other young men were having “d hot time” in the city of Woonsocket. They frequently visited the saloons, sang songs, told stories, were more or less intoxicated, and conducted themselves in the manner usual on such occasions. About 11 o’clock the city marshal, who had been with “the boys” at times during- the evening, endeavored to persuade one of them to retire to. the hotel. Defendant interfered, and was knocked down by the marshal. About one hour later, when the marshall and nearly all of “the boys” were lunching in the rear room of a building on Main street, the defendant appeared in the door between the front and rear rooms of the restaurant with a shot gun in his hands. When the marshall saw him he called out for some one to “grab the gun.” Instantly he and Andrew Striegel arose from their seats at the “lunch counter,” and started towards the defendant, who began stepping backwards into and through the front door. As he did so he twice discharged the shotgun in the direction of the rear room. The second discharge wounded Striegel slightly on the arm. As the defendant withdrew towards the front door and out into the street, he was followed by the marshal who fired a revolver four or five times without hitting anything except a hanging lamp. There was evidence tending to show that the defendant had threatened the marshal, and that he addressed him with a vile epithet before firing the first time; that the marshal did not draw his revolver until after the defendant fired the second time; that the defendant attempted to fire the' third shot, but was prevented by some defect in the mechanism of the gun; and that the relations between the defendant and Striegel were friendly and cordial before the' firing began. Whether the defendant intended to kill or injure Striegel, the marshal, or some other person, or whether he fired in the direction of a number of persons in dangerous proximity to himself in a manner evincing a wanton and reckless disregard of human life, but without, in fact, intending to kill or injure anyone, were questions to be determined by the jury. Notwithstanding, the allegation of the indictment is that he intended to kill Striegel, the court charged the jury, in effect, that they might find the defendant guilty as charged in the indictment if satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that he shot at Striegel with intent to kill Striegel or any other person. The jury may or may not have believed that the defendant intended to kill Striegel. It is idle to speculate on what view of the evidence was taken. If the charge of the court permitted a verdict of guilty based on any irrelevant state of facts, the conviction cannot be sustained. An indictment must 'be direct and certain as regards the party charged, the offense charged, and the particular circumstances of the offense charged, when they are necessary to constitute a complete offense. Rev. Code Cr. Proc. § 222. In a criminal action the defendant may be convicted only of the offense charged, of an attempt to commit such offense, or of an offense, the commission of which is necessarily ■included in the one charged. Id. § 409. The offense charged in this case is thus defined by the statute: “Every person who shoots or attempts to shoot at another, with any kind of firearm, air gun, or other means whatever, with intent to' kill any person, * * * is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not exceeding ten years.” Rev. Pen. Code, § 285. This statute provides that every person who shoots at another “with intent to kill any person” shall be punishable. It does not declare, as do some statutes relating to this class of offenses, that every person who shoots at another with intent to kill such other person shall be punishable. Neither the letter nor spirit of our statute restricts the intent to the person who is shot at or shot. So, if the defendant shot at Striegel with intent to kill him, the marshal, or any other person, he was guilty of the crime charged, and the only question is whether the allegations of the indictment will sustain a conviction based upon evidence disclosing an intent to kill any person other than Striegel. Or, in other words, did the state, by merely alleging an intent to' kill Striegel, limit the inquiry to that issue alone, and should the jury have been so instructed ? Upon principle and authority it is extremely difficult to determine what answer should be given to these questions. Though not therein expressly treated as a question of pleading, the ' following citations will disclose that the authorities are conflicting. Morgan v. State, 13 Smedes & M. 243; State v. Taylor 39 Atl. 447, 42 L. R. A. 673; Callahan v. State, 21 Ohio St. 306; People v. Torres, 38 Cal. 141; Dunaway v. People, 110 Ill. 333; Walker v. State, 8 Ind. 290; People v. Raher 52 N. W. 625, 16 L. R. A. 752. This is clearly one of those cases, contemplated by our statute (Rev. Code Cr. Proc. § 224), which required an indictment con- ' taining different counts — one alleging intent to kill Striegel, another intent to kill the marshal, and so on. Nevertheless the defendant. cannot complain unless lie was misled in making his defense, or is exposed to the jeopardy of another prosecution for the same transaction, by reason of the defects in the indictment. State v. LaCroix, 8 S. D. 369, 66 N. W. 944.

The testimony touching the quarrel with the marshal was material only for the purpose of showing an intent'to kill or injure that officer. It was introduced by the state, and tended to. disprove the intent alleged in the indictment. It is not unfair to assume that the defendant, relying upon the universally recognized general rule applicable to both civil and criminal cases that the proofs must correspond with the pleadings, did not object to such testimony because it directly refuted the specific allegation of the indictment, ■ and that he did not seek to contradict it for the same reason. Nol-is it unreasonable to1 assume that he was content to rest his cause upon the evidence received on the assumption that no issues would be submitted to the jury other than those raised by the allegations of the accusation and his plea of not guilty. The statute having pointed out a plain and simple method of pleading in'this class of cases, the intent being the gist of the offense, and the general rule being that the proofs must correspond with the allegations of the indictment or information, we are 'inclined to hold that the defendant could not be lawfully found guilty as charged in this indictment, unless it appears that the jury were satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that he intended to kill Striegel; and, as this does not appear by reason of the instructions to which proper exceptions were preserved, the judgment of the circuit court must be reversed, and a new trial ordered.