delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this сase, a trial judge had two ex parte discussions with a jury, while it was deliberating, and allowed the jurors to take home written copies of part of the jury instructions. Settled ease law makes clear that ex parte communications with a jury are improper and must always be avoided. In addition, when a judge gives written instructions to a jury, the relevant court rule requires that the instructions be available for review in the jury room and nowhere else.
Both ex parte communications were recorded and transcribed. Despite the errors in this case, the record affirmatively shows that the contacts and the decision to permit the jury to take home written instructions in this case did not prejudice defendant and had no tendency to influence the verdict. We therefore affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division, which affirmed defendant’s convictions.
I.
We draw the following facts from the testimony at trial. Defendant Shaffona
On November 24, 2005, defendant bought a Boost Mobile calling card at the deli for twenty dollars. About thirty minutes later, she returned to the store to complain that the card had already been used. Defendant asked for a replacement card and then a refund. When Juan Batista refused, defendant grabbed five DVDs from a counter and told him that she was going to keep them if she did not get her money back.
The witnesses’ accounts differed about what happened next, and the jury was required to make a credibility call. Juan Carlos, Juan Batista, and Moran testified as follows. Defendant tried to leave the store with the DVDs. When Juan Carlos stopped her in front of the store, his father grabbed the DVDs out of her hand. Defendant then pulled out а handgun. As Juan Carlos tried to push his father out of the way, defendant shot Juan Carlos in the back. She then pointed the gun at Juan Batista and fled.
According to defendant, after she took the DVDs and tucked them under her jacket, Juan Batista pulled out a gun from behind the counter and pointed it at her. She then returned the DVDs to the counter and ran out of the store. Juan Carlos grabbed her just outside the store and searched her pockets. Meanwhile, Juan Batista followed them outside and pointed thе gun at her again. Right after Juan Carlos started to walk back to the store, Juan Batista began to jab her with the gun. Defendant tried to push it away. According to her testimony, Juan Batista’s finger was on the trigger, and “[a] shot went off.” Defendant then fled.
A Mercer County grand jury charged defendant in an indictment with first-degree attempted murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3 and 2C:5-1; first-degree robbery, N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1; second-degree aggravated assault against Juan Carlos, N.J.S.A 2C:12-1b(1); fourth-degree aggravated assault against Juan Carlos, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1b(4); fourth-degree aggravated assault against Juan Batista, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1b(4); аnd second-degree possession of a handgun for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4a.
The trial began on February 19, 2008. After four days of testimony, the trial court instructed the jury on February 27, 2008. The jury began deliberating that afternoon and returned the following morning. Later in the day on February 28, the jury sent a note with three questions. Only the second question is relevant to this appeal: the jury’s request “for the law to be explained ... regarding Count 2” (robbery). In a brief discussion with counsel, the judge said, “I am preparing written instructions on robbery, thеft, and attempt, and so they should be ready shortly____” Neither the State nor defense counsel objected.
At 2:40 p.m., the trial judge responded to all three questions in open court with counsel present. As to the second item, the judge told the jury,
[y]ou’ve asked for the law to be explained to you regarding Count 2, robbery. I’m having copies prepared and edited actually as we speak so that I willsend written copies of robbery, attempt, and theft to you because you’ll recall thаt an element of robbery is that it occurred during the use of force, occurred during the course of a theft, and that is defined as to include not only a theft, but an attempted theft. So I am including the definition of theft and attempt as elements of robbery.
The jury resumed its deliberations at 2:54 p.m.
An hour later, for reasons that are not clear from the record, the trial judge entered the jury room without counsel. At that time, the following ex parte discussion took place:
THE FOREPERSON: Hello, Judge. Thank you for coming this afternoon.
Would it be pоssible for us to take the explanations of attempt and robbery and theft home with us this weekend to read, or is that something that must remain in the room?
THE COURT: No jury has ever asked to do that.
THE FOREPERSON: We want homework. We’re a studious group.
THE COURT: You know what, let me just check with the attorneys. Did somebody—
SERGEANT-AT-ARMS: I think Bell said she was going to call.
THE COURT: I don’t see any problem with it. I don’t want you to take the verdict sheets home, but if you wish to take those home—but you can’t look up any words in the dictionary or anything like that. You’re limited to the four comers of those.
JUROR: It’s kind of rough here. It’s a lot to read at 4:00 in the afternoon.
THE COURT: You may, but bring them back, and аs I said, don’t look for definitions of any terms. If any need further definition, then you can ask me that.
I told you during February we would have off on Fridays and my calendar tomorrow is not pretty. So I would prefer that you come back on Monday unless you’re opposed to that.
THE JURY: That’s perfect.
THE COURT: Because I will have a courtroom full of people, and the movement just takes a while. So Monday, I think would be much more under control. So enjoy the weekend. Do not do any research, read anything, hear anything, discuss it at all until all of you are back Monday morning at 9:00. Okay.
The jury returned on March 3, 2008 and continued deliberating. Late in the day, the trial judge had a second ex parte discussion in the jury room:
THE COURT: We won’t be able to get that readback done by 4:15 since that’s when you would like to be excused. I’ll excuse you for the day and we’ll have it ready for you tomorrow morning. So why don’t you come tomorrow at 9:15 just so the court reporter can get set up. She’s essentially reading back notes taken by another rеporter.
A JUROR: Are you saying we can go in the courtroom at 9:15? If we wanted to review we can come at 9?
THE COURT: That’s fine. Would you like the readback even later than 9:15? A JUROR: 10,15 minutes before.
THE COURT: Then come at 9 and the readback will begin at 9:15. I’m going to have another judge covering [for me] in the morning and expect to be back in the afternoon, but I’ll be having a root canal so don’t think I’m doing anything that’s fun, but I can’t put it off. I’ll be talking a little funny, but those things happen. So there will be another judgeand I’ll bring him or her up to date on what’s happening.
A JUROR: Back what time?
THE COURT: 9 o’clock—
A JUROR: But you’ll be back—
THE COURT: By the afternoon, I hope. Okay? Have a pleasant evening and, again, please don’t discuss the testimony. Wait until all 12 of you are back tomorrow before you begin discussions again and avoid any outside information including newspaper articles.
Thank you, and have a pleasant evening.
The jury delivered its verdict the next day. It acquitted defendant of attempted murder and convicted her of second-degree aggravated assault against Juan Carlos, fourth-degree aggravated assault against Juan Carlos, and possession of a handgun for an unlawful purpose. The jury could not reach a unanimous verdict on robbery or aggravated assault against Juan Batista.
The trial judge sentenced defendant to six and one-half years in prison, with an eighty-five percent period of parole ineligibility under the No Early Release Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. The court also granted the State’s motion to dismiss the two counts on which the jury deadlocked.
Defendant raised nine claims on direct appeal.
See State v. Morgan, 423 N.J.Super.
453, 464-65,
The appellate panel disapproved of the trial judge’s ex parte communications with the jury “in the strongest possible terms.”
Id.
at 467,
The panel next considered the discussion on February 28, when the trial court allowed the jury to take home written jury instructions. The panel observed that a “strict reading” of the relevant court rule,
R.
1:8-8, “leans in favor of [a] lack of authority because the
Rule
only permits the jury to take the court’s written instructions into the jury room, not homе with them over a weekend.”
Id.
at 471,
The panel declined to reverse defendant’s conviction for a number of reasons: it found “no evidence ... that anything untoward actually happened”; the trial judge gave specific cautionary instructions; and, after receiving the charge on attempt, robbery, and theft, the jury acquitted defendant of attempted murder and reached no verdict on the robbery count.
Id.
at 472-73,
We granted certification limited to the following issues: “whether the trial court erred[ ] by engaging in
ex parte
communication with the deliberating jury” and “in permitting the jurors to take written jury instructions home with them to review over the weekend.” 210
N.J.
477,
II.
Defendant argues that deliberating juries are not allowed to bring home written jury instructions under Rule 1:8-8. For support, she cites the language of the Rule at the time of trial: “The court, in its discretion, may submit a copy of all or part of its instructions to the jury for its consideration in the jury room.” R. 1:8-8(a) (effective Sept. 1, 2006). Defendant asks this Court to establish a per se rule that would bar jurors from taking home jury instructions in light of the dangers that practice presents.
Dеfendant also asserts that her convictions should be reversed because she was prejudiced by the trial court’s improper ex parte communication with the jury. She claims that because defense counsel was unaware of the conversation, defendant had no opportunity to object to the written instructions going home for the weekend, or to ask the court to conduct a voir dire of the jurors to ensure that no outside sources influenced their verdict.
The State claims that allowing a jury to take home written jury instructions does not violate any rule or case law and that trial judges have discretion to follow that course. In addition, the State notes that the trial court admonished the jury not to look at any outside sources.
The State also argues that the ex parte communications between the trial judge and the jury did not prejudice defendant. The discussions were recorded, and the State contends that they did not address anything substantive. In addition, the State points to the verdict—an acquittal on attempted murder and a hung jury on the robbery charge—and argues that “the arrangement ultimately worked to defendant’s benefit.” As a result, the State contends that defendant’s convictions should not be overturned.
The ACLU urges this Court to find that there is no basis to allow jurors to ever take home any portion of criminal jury instructions. According to the ACLU, this practice “threatens the deliberative process by exposing it to outside influences.” The ACLU alsо submits that the practice subverts the jury’s collective deliberative process by encouraging individual deliberation.
In addition, the ACLU challenges the judge’s discussion of contested issues with the jury outside of counsel’s presence. The ACLU concludes that, because in this case the court discussed an important issue as to which counsel’s input was critical, prejudice must be presumed and the verdict overturned.
III.
Ex parte communications between a trial judge and a jury are improper and must be avoided. There is no place for them in the trial process. The court rules make clear that “[a]ll trials ... shall be conducted in open court unless otherwise provided by rule or statute.”
R.
1:2-1. That approach extends to jury deliberations in the following way: although juries of course deliberate in private,
see generally State v. Neulander,
173
N.J.
193, 210-14,
Trial courts have the responsibility “to protect jurors and their deliberations from outside influences that threaten to taint the verdict.”
State v. Hightower,
146
N.J.
239, 263,
The United States Supreme Court has outlined some of the dangers inherent in ex parte communications:
Any ex parte meeting or communication between the judge and the foreman of a deliberating jury is pregnant with possibilities for error----[E]ven an experienced trial judge cannot be certain to avoid all the pitfalls inhеrent in such an enter-prise____ [I]t is difficult to contain, much less to anticipate, the direction the conversation will take at such a meeting. Unexpected questions or comments can generate unintended and misleading impressions of the judge’s subjective personal views which have no place in his instruction to the jury—all the more so when counsel are not present to challenge the statements.
[United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 438 U.S. 422, 460, 98 S.Ct. 2864, 2885, 57 L.Ed.2d 854,884 (1978).]
A “judge’s improper entry into the jury room does not automatically require” revеrsal of a conviction.
Brown, supra,
275
N.J.Super.
at 332,
In other words, an adequate record of the contact may be able to dispel a presumption of prejudice.
Compare Brown, supra,
275
N.J.Super.
at 331,
rv.
The court rules are similarly clear about whether jurors may take written jury instructions home. They may not. Jurors may
only review written instructions in the jury room. At the time of trial,
Rule
l:8-8(a) provided, in relevant part, that “[t]he court, in its discretion, may submit a copy of all or part of its instructions to the jury for its consideration in
the jury room.”
(Emphasis added). The appellate panel correctly noted that a strict reading of the
Rule
suggests that there is no authority to permit jurors to take written jury instructions outside the jury room.
See Morgan, supra,
423
N.J.Super.
at 471,
This Court addressed
Rule
1:8-8 in
State v. O’Brien,
200
N.J.
520,
The Criminal Practice Committee released its recommendations in a report dated March 28, 2012. See Report of the Supreme Court Criminal Practice Committee on Distribution of Written Instructions to the Jury (Mar. 28, 2012) (Committee Report). Among other proposals, the Committee recommended that Rule 1:8-8 be revised to require that “written jury charges ... be provided to the jury in all criminal cases, unless doing so would result in undue delay.” Id. at 21. The Committee also recommended that the entire charge, not part of it, be given to the jury. Id. at 27. In addition, the Committee addressed the Appellate Division decision in this case and recommended that “jury instructions should not be taken home.” Id. at 28. The Committee suggested a minor change in language to highlight that point. Id. app. at 2.
We revised the Rule but retained the same language about where juries may review written instructions. The Rule repeats the earlier admonition: “The court, in its discretion, may submit a copy of its instructions to the jury for its consideration in the jury room.” R. 1:8-8(a) (effective Sept. 4, 2012). 2 In light of the explicit language in the earlier version of the Rule, it was not necessary to add that jurors may not take jury instructions outside the jury room during deliberations. To the extent there is any uncertainty on this issue, we emphasize that copies of written jury instructions are for use in the jury room—and only in the jury room.
Compelling reasons support that approach. As noted earlier, it is important to insulate the jury from influences that could undermine its deliberations.
State v. Corsaro,
107
N.J.
339, 346,
It is also essential that jurors deliberate as a collective group and reach a verdict through the exchange of views among all members of the jury. “[T]he essence of jury deliberations is the joint or collective exchange of views among individual jurors.”
Corsaro, supra,
107
N.J.
at 349,
Of course, we recognize that jurors may think about a trial when they leave the courthouse, and those with better memories might recall and consider an instruction outside of the jury room.
See People v. Ledesma,
V.
We now apply the above principles to the facts of this case. Both ex parte discussions with the jury were plainly improper, and like the Appellate Division, we caution judges to avoid them at all costs. In light of the errors, we examine the record for prejudice.
The ex parte communication on March 3, 2008 raises a minor issue, and we dispense with it first. The brief exchange was recorded, and the transcript reveals that the discussion related only to ministerial scheduling matters. The record therefore affirmatively shows that the communication had no tendency to influence the verdict.
See Auld, supra,
2
N.J.
at 432,
The ex parte communication on February 28, 2008 raises two concerns. Not only was the contact itself improper, but it was also error for the court to allow the jury to take home copies of the charge. Moreover, because the court handled the jury’s request outside the presence of counsel, defendant had no opportunity to object.
We can infer from the record that both counsel were familiar with the materials sent home. Earlier in the afternoon, the jury asked “for the law to be explained ... regarding Count 2”—the robbery charge. In response, the trial judge discussed the jury’s note first with counsel and then with the jury and counsel in open court. The judge told the jurors that she would send them written copies of the robbery, attempt, and theft instructions, and neither counsel voiced an objection or asked to see the document.
An hour later, the judge granted the jury’s request to take the charges home. That ex parte discussion was recorded and transcribed as well. The record discloses that the court also cautioned the jurors “not to look up any words in the dictionary or anything like that,” not to “look for definitions of any terms,” and not to “do any research, read anything, hear anything, [or] discuss [the case] at all” until
We also consider whаt the jury’s verdict reveals about any prejudice. The jury acquitted defendant of attempted murder and reached no verdict on the robbery count. The portions of the charge that the jurors took home related to robbery, theft, and attempt and were directed to the jury’s question about the robbery offense. We recognize that there was some theoretical overlap with the second-degree aggravated assault charge, which also involved attempt. The jury сonvicted defendant of that count.
Because of the nature of the crime, though, we see little risk that the conviction for aggravated assault stemmed from the attempt instruction. Second-degree aggravated assault requires proof that defendant caused serious bodily injury or attempted to cause serious bodily injury, see N.J.S.A. 2C:12-lb, and the judge instructed the jury accordingly. The proofs at trial, however, revealed that the case involved an actual shooting, and the victim’s injuries were nоt in dispute. Plus the verdict sheet referred only to whether defendant caused serious bodily injury and did not mention “attempt.” In addition, in light of the evidence presented, the jurors had to decide whether the victims were more credible than defendant, or the other way around, and that decision was not affected by the jury instructions in question. As a result, it appears that the instruction on attempt had no tendency to affect the conviction for aggravated assault.
We therefore find from the rеcord that the second ex parte conversation also had no tendency to influence the verdict.
See Auld, supra,
2
N.J.
at 432,
Notwithstanding the outcome here, we caution trial judges to аvoid the pitfalls this case presents. Judges should not engage in ex parte communications with jurors, even on innocuous scheduling matters. Also, written jury instructions are for the jury’s use during deliberations only in the jury room.
YI.
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division.
For affirmance—Chief Justice RABNER and Justices LaVECCHIA, ALBIN, HOENS, and PATTERSON and Judges RODRÍGUEZ and CUFF—7.
Opposed—None.
Notes
The record contains different spellings for the father’s middle name. We use the version in the indictment.
Other aspects of Rule 1:8-8 were also changed at the same time. See R. 1:8-8 (effective Sept. 4, 2012). None of the additional changes relates to the issues in this case.