There was filed on the 21st day of March, 1912, in the circuit court of Clark county, an amended information charging defendant and one Guerdon Best with having on the 8th day of February preceding, committed grand larceny, for that they had stolen certain hogs in said information described. Guerdon Best pleaded guilty on April 1,1912, was duly sentenced to the penitentiary on such plea and thereafter paroled pursuant to statute. The defendant, upon his trial, was found guilty and had assessed against him as punishment imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of two years.
The appellant (whom we shall hereafter call the defendant) filed on the first day of April, 1912, which was the date upon which the circuit court of Clark county convened in regular term, his application for a change of venue on account of the prejudice of the inhabitants of Clark county against him. Thereafter and on the same day defendant filed a second application for a change of venue on account of the alleged prejudice against him of Judge Stewart, the regular judge of the Clark County Circuit Court. The latter application, coming on to be heard first, was sustained, and thereupon Judge Stewart called in Judge Samuel Davis, judge of the 15th Judicial Circuit, to try the case, and reset the same for trial at an adjourned term to be convened on Tuesday, April 23,1912.
The case coming on for hearing before Judge Davis on the date last above mentioned, defendant refiled his application for a change of venue. This application, omitting caption and verification by defendant and his compurgatories, all of which latter things are formal, is in the following form:
“Now comes Grover Shaffer, one of the defendants in the above entitled cause, and states that the
Upon a hearing had, defendant, to support the alleged prejudice which he averred existed against him, called, including himself, some thirteen witnesses, residing for the most part in the neighborhood, or within two or three miles of the place, where the alleged offense of the defendant was committed, and of whom at least three, if not more, were related to defendant, who swore to the existence of certain prejudice against him, which prejudice largely grew out, as was vaguely hinted in the record, of a murder and a trial therefor, in which murder a brother and certain cousins of defendant, as we are told in defendant’s brief, had a part. This murder seems to have occurred more than twenty years before the instant case was tried and at a time when defendant was only some four or five years of age.
There was offered to combat the case thus made, some seventeen or more witnesses for the State, coming for the most part from the central and southern part of Clark county, and coming from divers avocations and walks of life. These witnesses for the State testified practically with unanimity that they knew of no prejudice existing in their several neighborhoods against defendant and had heard no prejudice expressed against him whatever. The court thereupon overruled the application for a change of venue and defendant saved his- exceptions.
After the trial a jury of twelve men was chosen and sworn to try the case, and defendant filed a motion to quash the panel for that, as was averred in his said motion, the jurors had been selected from the central part of the county, the elisor who acted in
The testimony offered by the State tended to show that defendant, who resided in the little village of Peaksville in Sweet Home township, in said Clark county, was at and prior to the date of the alleged theft of the hogs in question, contemplating engaging in the .business of va butcher, and that, to this end he had rented and had had partly fitted up a. shop in the village of Revere, and that he had tentatively arranged with one Painter, who was a witness for the State, to have charge of this shop for him. The testimony of Guerdon Best, the accomplice of defendant, who, after his plea of guilty, sentence to the penitentiary and parole,' was offered as a witness by the State, tended to show that Best began working for the defendant on the 5th of February, and that defendant communicated to Best his intentions of • setting up a butcher shop and asked Best to go with him and get some hogs; that defendant and Best started at night, at about the hour of half-past ten and went along the public road a distance of a mile and a quarter from, and in a direction northwest of, defendant’s residence to the premises of one Ben Best, who was the grandfather of the said Guerdon, and who is alleged in the information to have been the owner of the hogs stolen. Defendant and his accomplice Best drove seven hogs from Ben Best’s premises back along the way in which they had come and to a point about a quarter of a mile from defendant’s residence, when one of the hogs becoming unruly, objecting to going further, and showing a desire to return, defendant shot and killed it with a
Testimony offered on the part of defendant tended to show that his near neighbors, one of whom at least was his near relative, saw nothing of the facts
The defendant and his wife both testified briefly in the case, denying categorically the salient facts testified to by the witness Best. Defendant’s wife denied that said Best had ever worked for the defendant at the time, or about the time of the theft of the hogs, or at any time; while defendant himself, without saying so in words, in effect corroborated Best in this detail and contradicted his wife on this point.
There was some effort made by the State to show that defendant had endeavored to hire the witness Elmer Ritchey to stay out of the State and not testify in the case. There was proof (which was not denied either by or for defendant) that defendant had given him at one time the sum of five dollars and that counsel for defendant had sent him on another occasion ten dollars, and on another had written him with the suggestion in substance that the witness would better go home and stay there; that he need not trouble
Upon the trial the court gave of his own motion a cautionary instruction to the jury touching the testimony of an accomplice. This instruction is bitterly assailed by defendant on the ground that the portion of it set out in italics is an innovation producing error meet for reversal. This instruction is as follows:
“The court instructs the jury that an accomplice is one who participates with another person in the commission of a crime and that the testimony of an accomplice is admissible in evidence against or in behalf of the party on trial, but, the jury are further instructed that the testimony of an accomplice in crime when not corroborated by some person or persons not implicated in the commission of the crime or corroborated by circumstances given in evidence as to matters material to the issues, that is, as to matters connecting the defendant with the commission of the crime charged against him, ought to be received with great care and caution by the jury, and the jury ought to be fully satisfied of its truth before they should convict the defendant on such testimony.
“In this connection, however, the-jury are further instructed that they may convict the defendant upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, if they believe the testimony given by the accomplice, if he be an accomplice, to be true, and if the jury also believes the testimony given by the accomplice establishes the guilt of the defendant.”
The court also gave of his own motion to the jury touching the testimony of defendant and his wife, instructions 3 and 4, which we set out below, to-wit:
“3. The court instructs the jury that the defendant is a competent witness to testify in his own behalf in this case, and the jury should fully and! fairly consider his testimony, together with all of the other tes
“4. The court instructs the jury that the defendant’s wife is a competent witness to testify in behalf of her husband, the defendant, and the jury should fully and fairly consider her testimony, together with all of the other testimony in. the case, but the jury, in determining what credit and weight they should give to the testimony of the defendant’s wife, may take into consideration the fact that she is the wife of the defendant, and the interest she has in the result of this trial.”
The defendant offered and the court refused to give instructions E and Gr, which are as follows:
“E. The court instructs the jury that if the whole evidence in this case leaves their minds in such condition that they are neither morally certain of the defendant’s innocence, nor morally certain of his guilt, then a reasonable doubt exists, and the jury must give the defendant the benefit of such doubt and acquit him.
“Gr. Even though the jury may find from the evidence that the entrails of one of the hogs alleged to have been stolen was found in an ice house in the possession of the defendant, yet unless the jury find beyond all reasonable doubt, that the said entrails were placed there with the knowledge and consent of the defendant said fact is no evidence of defendant’s guilt.”
Upon all of these instructions, either for the giving thereof or for the refusal to give the same, defendant hangs his most strenuous contentions for reversal, and we have set them out herein at the expense of brevity in order that the full force of his contentions may be seen.
There are lodged with us by the learned counsel a number of strenuous contentions, which have been briefed and are urged with much earnestness, learning and ability. Among these, defendant urges upon us that the learned court nisi erred (1) in refusing to grant to defendant upon his application a change of venue on account of the bias and prejudice of the inhabitants of Clark county; (2) that defendant’s motion to quash the panel of jurors after they had been selected and sworn to try him, should have been granted; (3) that instruction 2, given by the court of his own motion, as to the necessity of corroboration, of the testimony of an accomplice, was erroneous, and (4) that the court committed error in (a) refusing to give on the part of the defendant and as requested by him, instruction marked E, and (b) that the court similarly erred in refusing to give at the request of defendant instruction marked Gr. Both of these instructions refused by the court, as well as the instruction numbered 2 given by the court, are set out in the statement of the case for a better understanding of the points involved.
I. Returning now to the contention of defendant as urged by him with much of zeal, that the court ought, upon the proof, to have granted defendant a change of venue on the ground of the prejudice of the inhabitants of Clark county, to some other county where such prejudice did not exist, we find that so far as the evidence offered pro -and con upon the hearing was concernec^ defendant on his behalf, includ
Returning to the main question under discussion here we may state that some seventeen witnesses were, offered by the State as to whether there existed such prejudice against defendant in Clark county as would prevent him from obtaining a fair and impartial trial. These witnesses came, for the • most part, from the central and southern part of Clark county; from the part of that county, we may here say, from which the, trial jury afterward came. Many of these witnesses, perhaps a majority of them, did not know defendant, nor had they ever heard of him, and none of them either knew of the existence of any prejudice against him, or had they heard that any such prejudice existed. Some of them, it is true, said that such prejudice might exist and they might not be advised of it.But clearly such a statement as this elicited on cross-examination proves little of pith or value. ■
The record further shows that comparatively little difficulty was had in the selection of a jury. Five jurors only, if we take the letter of the record for it, disqualified themselves, and each of them for the reason, not that he was prejudiced, but because he had talked with the parties or the witnesses and had formed an opinion. Some three others, whose names do not appear in the panel of twenty-four, from which the jury was ultimately selected, were examined upon their voir dire, but what became of these three the record does not show.
We have had this point before us on many occasions and we have uniformly held, since the adoption
II. The record shows that after the trial jury of twelve had been impaneled and sworn to try the cause the defendant filed a motion to quash the panel for that, as he averred in his motion, the e^sor, whose appointment upon motion he had procured, had violated the ordier of the court in summoning the venire from which the trial panel was obtained, from the central part of Clark county, instead of from the southern part thereof. There is no showing whatever in the record, except from the bare statement in this motion, that any order was made by the court to the elisor to obtain this jury from the southern part of Clark county. A map of Clark county showing the municipal townships thereof was introduced, and from this map and the
III. Defendant concedes that instruction numbered 2, which we set out in full in the statement, is in the main the usual cautionary instruction which the law warrants the giving .of touching the testimony of an accomplice, and that no error can be based upon the giving of the same, except as predicated upon the words which we have italicized, that is to say that clause which permits corroboration of an accomplice’s testimony to be made “by circumstances given in evidenceThe books are full of authorities holding that the instruction as given, without the words “corroborated by circumstances given in evidence, ” is a good and proper one. It has been repeatedly in that form passed on and held good by this court. [State v. Crab, 121 Mo. l. c. 565; State v. Shelton, 223 Mo. l. c. 137; State v. Daly, 210 Mo. 664; State v. Tobie, 141 Mo. l. c. 561.] So much being conceded, the narrow and exact question is whether the use of the term “corroborated by circumstances given in evidence,” makes this instruction bad and is so far error hurtful to the defendant as
IV. Defendant upon the trial requested the court to give instruction E, which we have for information’s sake set out in the statement. Upon the refusal of the court so to do the defendant saved his exceptions. This instruction as offered by defendant, was clearly an attempt to more nearly and clearly define reasonable doubt. It is doubtful, as this court has repeatedly held, whether the defining of reasonable doubt tends toward clarity or the reverse thereof. [State v. Nerzinger, 220 Mo. l. c. 49; State v. Bond, 191 Mo. 555; State v. Leeper, 78 Mo. 470; State v. Robinson, 117 Mo. l. c. 661; State v. Wells, 111 Mo. l. c. 537.] It is just a little like the gilding of fine gold. In addition to all this, the court had already given at the request of defendant an instruction sufficiently defining the nature of such doubt in order to warrant an acquittal. For this reason, if for no other, this objection of defendant must be disallowed.
The court also refused to give instruction marked “ G, ” which we have set out in the statement. It is clear that this requested instruction was but a comment upon one phase of the testimony offered in the case. The defendant singled it out in this instruction and asked that, touching it, the jury be instructed that unless they found the single fact set out therein beyond all reasonable doubt, the same was no evidence of defendant’s guilt. If the court had given it sua sponte, then it is very likely the defendant would be here urging that it was error, because it is a comment upon the evidence and a singling out of one isolated fact and accentuating and calling special attention to it. This is a thing forbidden by the decisions, and the learned trial court was correct in refusing this instruction. [State v. Wertz, 191 Mo. 569.]
V. It is also contended by defendant that the court erred in giving instructions numbered 3 and 4, which we have set out in the statement, and which deal with the weight and credibility of the testimony of the defendant and that of defendant’s wife. Learned counsel cite us to a very late holding in a civil case, that of Benjamin v. Railroad, 245 Mo. 598, in which suit a similar comment upon the testimony of the plaintiff was held to be error. We have no fault to find with the holding of the court in that case. But learned counsel overlook the fact that the statute itself in conferring upon the defendant and defendant’s spouse the right to testify, has seen fit to limit such right by permitting a showing of the fact that the witness is the defendant and on trial, and the fact of marriage to the spouse offered as a witness, for the purpose of affecting the credibility of either or both of them. [Sec. 5242, R. S. 1909.] We have no such statute touching the testimony of a plaintiff in a civil case, or of a defendant in such case; hence the difference between the two holdings. If the statute permits the showing of the fact of interest on account of the witness being a defendant or the spouse of a defendant, why may not the jury be likewise advised of the existence of 'the la,w applicable to such status by an appropriate instruction? We concede, however, that there is not much excuse for the giving of such instructions as these where the court instructs generally as to the credibility of witnesses and as to the fact that the interest of any witness or witnesses in the case may be considered by the jury for the purpose of affecting the credibility of such witness. But while these instructions have been many times given, and while in the view of the writer they ought not to be given, yet when we consider the statute which we cite above, and when we have reference to the many hold
There was sufficient evidence in the case, if the jury believed it, and they evidently did believe it, to warrant the verdict which they rendered. In our view every inference to be drawn from the facts shown in testimony, notwithstanding the attack made upon the different witnesses for the State, and notwithstanding the attempt to impeach them, is in favor of the theory of the State rather than that of the defendant. It is impossible to reach any other conclusion than that the .verdict of the jury was correct and fully warranted by the facts shown. Compelling in this yiew is the fact that defendant, as neither he nor anyone for him denies, paid money to one of the witnesses for the State, and made other strenuous efforts, to keep this witness out of the State and thus prevent him from appearing against defendant. Thus viewing the facts, and finding after a most careful investigation. of the record, no error which will justify a reversal, we think that the judgment should be affirmed. Let this be done.