State v. ShafferState v. Shaffer
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At jury trial, defendant Willie J. Shaffer, Jr., was convicted of three counts of armed robbery in violation of
The State‘s evidence established that a black male wearing a ski mask over his face robbed a food store in Vancouver, Washington. The robber exhibited a small-caliber pistol and fired two shots into the wall during the course of the robbery. He then fled with the money from the store‘s cash register, a purse which he took from one customer and a wallet taken from another. No vehicle or accomplices were seen as the robber left the scene. No witness identified Shaffer as the perpetrator of the crime.
The thrust of the defense was that the inferences to be drawn from the circumstantial evidence pointed to Shaffer‘s cousin as a more likely suspect. Shaffer did not testify.
On appeal, Shaffer first contends that the trial judge erred in failing to include all of the elements of the crime of *654 robbery in his “formula” instructions. Specifically, he claims that the instructions omitted “the element of intent to defraud and the element that the property taken must belong to another.”
For reasons we need not discuss, we are persuaded that the instructions given, when read as a whole, adequately charged the jury concerning the State‘s burden to establish guilt. But, in any event, the trial record discloses that neither “intent” nor “ownership” of the property was at issue. If the failure to include the elements of intent and ownership in the formula instructions was error, it was harmless error.
Shaffer‘s second and third assignments of error concern a witness who was called by the State as a ballistics expert. Shaffer contends that he was not given timely notice and that the witness was not qualified to give expert testimony. The ballistics testimony was presented as a part of the State‘s rebuttal.
The competency of a witness to testify as an expert is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial judge. State v. Brown, 17 Wn. App. 587, 564 P.2d 342 (1977). We find no abuse of discretion. .
The prosecution is not obliged to anticipate the defense. State v. Harris, 14 Wn. App. 414, 542 P.2d 122 (1975). The State gave Shaffer timely notice of the fact that its expert had made ballistics tests. The trial judge did not err in denying Shaffer‘s motion for a continuance or in admitting the ballistics testimony.
Shaffer further contends that the trial judge erred in excluding the testimony of a witness who heard his cousin make an allegedly incriminating statement. The testimony would have corroborated that of another witness who presumably was prejudiced in favor of Shaffer.
The limitation of cumulative testimony is necessarily a question addressed to the exercise of discretion by a trial judge. State v. Freeman, 17 Wn. App. 377, 563 P.2d 1283 (1977). We find no abuse of discretion.
*655 Shaffer‘s fifth assignment of error is that the trial judge erred in excluding the proffered testimony of two witnesses who would testify that Shaffer was a frequent customer of the food store. The trial judge‘s determination that the testimony would fall beyond the limits of relevancy reflects a proper exercise of discretion. State v. Grant, 9 Wn. App. 260, 511 P.2d 1013 (1973).
Finally, Shaffer challenges the procedure by which he was adjudged a habitual criminal. He first contends that because the State did not inform him of its intention to invoke habitual criminal proceedings prior to trial of the robbery charge, he was denied due process of law. He further contends that unless the habitual criminal proceeding is held to be a continuation of the robbery trial, it should have been dismissed for failure to try him within 60 days after his first appearance on the habitual criminal charge.
Shaffer‘s first contention is grounded upon a line of Washington cases holding that
when the State seeks to rely upon eitherRCW 9.41.025 orRCW 9.95.040 , or both,[ 2 ] due process of law requires that the information contain specific allegations to that effect, thus putting the accused person upon notice that enhanced consequences will flow with a conviction. State v. Frazier, 81 Wn.2d 628, 503 P.2d 1073 (1972); State v. Pringle, 83 Wn.2d 188, 517 P.2d 192 (1973); State v. Mims, 9 Wn. App. 213, 511 P.2d 1383 (1973); Miller v. Morris, 10 Wn. App. 694, 519 P.2d 1314 (1974); State v. Smith, 11 Wn. App. 216, 521 P.2d 1197 (1974. Failure of the State to so allege precludes reliance upon the statutes by the trial court or the Board of Prison Terms and Paroles.
State v. Cosner, 85 Wn.2d 45, 50, 530 P.2d 317 (1975). Shaffer argues that the rationale of the cited cases should apply when the State has knowledge of an accused‘s prior *656 criminal record and intends to invoke habitual criminal proceedings following conviction on a current charge.
We do not agree. Habitual criminal proceedings are distinguishable from statutes which mandate enhanced penalties following conviction of specific crimes because a habitual criminal charge “does not constitute an offense in itself, but merely provides an increased punishment for the last offense ...” Frye v. Delmore, 47 Wn.2d 605, 606, 288 P.2d 850 (1955). Habitual criminal status is not automatically established when an accused has acquired a sufficient number of convictions. As is pointed out in State v. Johnston, 17 Wn. App. 486, 492, 564 P.2d 1159 (1977),
[e]ven if the prosecuting attorney has knowledge of prior convictions he may, in the proper exercise of his discretion, elect not to file such charges. Cf. State v. Alexander, 10 Wn. App. 942, 521 P.2d 57 (1974). On the other hand, should he choose to file them the defendant must be arraigned on a supplemental information and is entitled to a jury trial with his full panoply of rights before the necessary finding of habitual criminal status is reached, if ever. State v. Tatum, 61 Wn.2d 576, 379 P.2d 372 (1963). In contradistinction, the mandatory minimum terms ofRCW 9.41.025 , andRCW 9.95.040(1) , and other statutes which prescribe enhanced penalties for certain aggravated offenses, follow immediately upon the heels of a guilty plea to those specific charges and, as such, are a direct and natural consequence of the plea.
In State v. West, 197 Wash. 595, 603, 86 P.2d 192 (1939), our Supreme Court rejected the contention that the discretionary power granted prosecutors by Washington‘s habitual criminal statute was unconstitutional, pointing out that the filing of any charge was discretionary under the “information system.” A decision to file habitual criminal proceedings is addressed to the exercise of discretion by the prosecutor after conviction on a current charge. Hence, a conviction upon a current charge will not directly and “irrevocably” (State v. Frazier, 81 Wn.2d 628, 634, 503 P.2d 1073 (1972)) compel the imposition of an enhanced sentence.
*657
We further point out that in
State v. Gibson,
16 Wn. App. 119, 553 P.2d 131 (1976), we held that although a life sentence is mandatory for one adjudged to be a habitual criminal, a trial judge may, nevertheless, exercise the discretion granted him by
Concerning his contention that he was denied a speedy trial, Shaffer concedes that
State v. Persinger,
62 Wn.2d 362, 382 P.2d 497 (1963) and
State v. Allen,
75 Wn.2d 17, 448 P.2d 332 (1968) hold that
In Persinger we reasoned thatRCW 10.46.010 , which provided for a right to speedy trial, was designed to protect persons charged with crimes and did not apply to a habitual criminal proceeding because such a proceeding is not a crime. Persinger does not conflict with the conclusion we reach in the instant case. The supplemental information is not filed to prosecute a distinct crime; it is simply a supplemental proceeding initiated as a result of the original felony. Even though the right to speedy trial is not applicable to a habitual criminal charge, the proceeding remains a “criminal prosecution” as that term is used in CrR 8.3(b).
(Footnote omitted.)
*658 Affirmed.
Williams and Callow, JJ., concur.Petition for rehearing denied January 26, 1978.
Review denied by Supreme Court July 21, 1978.
Notes