State v. Scroggs

123 Iowa 649 | Iowa | 1903

Ladd, J.

i. indictment: allegations of force. The case was tried on the theory that the defendant was accused of an assault with intent to ripe a female under fifteen years of age. This appellant insists was error for the reason that the indictment _ charged the assault to have been committed with force and against the will of prosecutrix. Counsel seems to rely upon decisions to the effect that under an ordinary indictment for rape, or assault with intent to commit rape, in which the age of prosecutrix is not mentioned, conviction cannot be had without proof of force and the absence of consent, even though it appear in the course of the trial that she be under the age of consent. See State v. Johnson, 100 N. C., 494 (6 S. E. Rep. 61); Vasser v. State, 55 Ala., 264; Bonner v. State, 65 Miss., 293 (3 South. Rep. 663); State v. Haddon, 49 S. C., 308 (27 S. E. Rep. 198); Moore v. State, 20 Tex. App. 275; Nicholas v. State, 23 Tex. App. 317 (5 S. W. Rep. 239); Jenkins v. State, 34 Tex. Cr. App. 201 (29 S. W. Rep. 1078). The ground of these decisions is that there is a variance between the allegations and the proof. But separate provisions for offenses against a child and one over the age of consent are prescribed by the statutes of the states in which these rulings were made, and hence the necessity of distinct averments with respect thereto. -In. this state the offenses are defined in the same section of the statute, and the punishment is the samé. Code 4756. . In these circumstances, according to several authorities, the indictment may charge in separate counts carnal knowledge of a female under the age of consent and of such knowledge by force and against her will. Grimes v. State, 105 Ala., 86 (17 South. Rep. 184); State v. Dalton, 106 Mo., 463 (17 S. W. Rep.); 17 Ency. P. & P. 661. Where this is not done, however, and the female is alleged to be under the age at which consent may be given, - it is uniformly held that statements of the exercise of force against, her will, found in the indictment, are mere matters of aggravation, and to be treated as surplusage. McComas v. State, 11 Mo., 117; State v. Horne, 20 Or. 485 (26 Pac. Rep. 665); Davis v. State, 42 Tex. 226; State v. Erickson, 45 Wis. 87.

2.- Evidence: withdrawai. II. A certificate of the baptism of prosecutrix on June 11, 1893, which included a statement that she was born January 7, 1887, was received in evidence over the defendant’s objection, but'the ruling was .changed the following morning, and the jury cautioned explicitly hot to give it any consideration. The date corresponded with that testified to by her, and no other evidence of age was introduced. Conceding the evidence to have been erroneously received, we think, in view of its prompt Avithdrawal and the caution given to the jury to disregard it, the error Avas without "prejudice. State v. Helm, 97 Iowa, 382.

III. On cross-examination prosecutrix testified to having had intercourse several times previous with a physician of the village, and on redirect was allowed, over objection, to 3. evidence, state that after such intercourse, and before the alleged assault, she had noticed said physician and defendant much in each other’s company. Manifestly this alleged fact of such intercourse was elicited to throw doubt on prosecutrix’s veracity, and it cannot be said to have been prejudicial to defendant'in the circumstances disclosed to permit a showing of such intimacy.

4. instructions cutrix. e IY. The court in the sixth paragraph of the charge instructed the jury that “the state would not be required to show the age of said Emma Meyer by a family record or any instrument in writing; such, proof may be made by oral testimony of witnesses, and said Emma Meyer is a competent witness as to her age, and such testimony may be based upon information with respect thereto, if any she may have, from her parents.” It is said that while the first clause is correct in law it ought not to have been given, as no one claimed it to be necessary to prove the age of prosecutrix by other than oral testimony. As family records are commonly kept, it was entirely proper for the court to indicate that they might be dispensed with in proving age and other evidence received to establish that fact. In doing so the quantum of proof was not belittled, as contended.

5. same. Y. Exception is also taken to the statement to the effect that prosecutrix was a competent witness of her own age. Such has long been the law. Says Greenleaf in his work on Evidence: “In strictness, a person’s belief as to his own age rests upon hearsay only, not on actual observation and recollection. Nevertheless such belief, sufficient as it is for action in practical affairs of life, ought also to be admissible in judicial inquiries, and such is the conclusion generallv accepted.” The court in People v. Ratz, 115 Cal., 132 (46 Pac. Rep. 915), thus summarizes the law on the subject: “A person’s age may be proven by his own testimony, and the fact that knowledge of that age is derived from statements of parents or from family reputation does not render it inadmissible.” Com. v. Stevenson, 142 Mass., 468 (8 N. E. Rep. 341); Houlton v. Manteuffel, 51 Minn., 187 (53 N. W. Rep. 541); State v. Bowser, 21 Mont., 133 (53 Pac. Rep. 179); Dodge v. State, 100 Wis., 294 (75 N. W. Rep. 954); State v. Marshall, 137 Mo., 463 (36 S. W. Rep. 619, 39 S. W. Rep. 63); State v. McClain, 49 Kan., 734 (31 Pac. Rep. 790).

The last case is precisely in point, as the prosecutrix there testified to her age, and on crossexamination that she knew because her father had told her. The evidence was declared sufficient to support a conviction. Appellant claims the character of the information, whether oral or in writing; or when given, was not mentioned in the instruction. Every one is presumed to know his own age, and the source of information is a matter of inquiry on cross-examination. But appellant urges her evidence was not the best attainable, for the reason her father was present in court, and presumably knew as a fact what she had ascertained only on report. The evidence of the child may not be as satisfactory as that of the father or rpother or some other person present at her birth, but it should be received, and accorded such weight as it is entitled to under all the circumstances. State v. Cain, 9 W. Va. 559; Bain v. State, 61 Ala. 75.

e. same. It may be that, in connection with her evidence, her appearance and apparent maturity might aid the jury in determining the age to which she had attained; if so, mentioning her competency to testify did not, as contended, indicate that these matters ought not to be considered. See Com. v. Phillips, 162 Mass. 504 (39 N. E. Rep. 109); Stephenson v. State, 28 Ind. 272.

r. same. V. In the seventh and tenth instructions the jury were advised that if prosecutrix at the time of the alleged assault was under 15 years of age they were not to consider whether she consented or whether defendant had knowledge of her age. Error is alleged, in .that no such issues were raised. But elsewhere in the brief counsel insist that prosecutrix weighed one hundred and forty-five pounds, and apjieared like a jierson past her majority. If so, the question •of knowledge would be very likely to arise in the jury’s deliberations, and for this reason both subjects were proper matters for instruction, regardless • of defendant’s contentions at the trial. The seventeenth instruction is without defect, and the evidence ’convincing of defendant’s guilt. — Affirmed.