188 P. 860 | Utah | 1920
Tbe defendant was charged with the crime of rape, and was convicted in the district court of Beaver county and appeals.
For the reasons hereinafter stated we feel compelled to reverse the judgment of conviction and to remand the cause for a new trial. For that reason, and because no good purpose could be subserved by stating the evidence, we shall refrain from doing so, except in connection with and to the extent only that it is necessary to elucidate the particular point decided.
The defendant has assigned a large number of errors. We shall, however, limit our discussion to such only as are deemed material.
The question that is involved in the first assignment arose as follows: At the preliminary hearing before a justice of the peace the state produced the prosecutrix as a witness, who, in effect, stated that on the evening of December 13, 1917, she, at the request of the defendant, started with him from the town of Milford to the town of Beaver, in Beaver county, but that they did not reach the latter place; that they started from a certain café owned by one Frank Mishina, a Jap, at about 7:30 p. m. and that Mishina saw them start from said café. The state also produced said Mishina at the preliminary hearing, who upon being questioned by the prosecuting attorney, in substance testified that the prosecutrix was employed by him in his café as a waitress, and that the defendant was one of his customers; that the prosecutrix at a certain time, the exact date he could not state, but about a week or a week and a half before Christmas, left the café one evening at about 7:30 o’clock, but he did not see, and could not state, and did not know, with whom she went away. At the trial in the district court the prosecutrix was again produced as a witness, and again testified to the facts before stated. Mish-ina was also again called by the state, and he stated the same facts in practically the same language as he had done before the justice of the peace. The prosecuting attorney was not
It is elementary that the state may not impeach its own witness by showing his, general reputation for truth and veracity. It is,'however, also elementary that the state, like all other litigants, in case a witness makes conflicting statements, may call his attention to such conflicting statements, and, in case he has misled or deceived the state to its prejudice, it may, under certain circumstances, produce the persons who heard him make the statements which conflict with his testimony and show by them what the witness said. We have no such case here, however. Here the witness, when under oath, adhered to the same statements throughout the entire examination. Moreover, the state always knew precisely what' liis statements were, and as a matter of course could not have been deceived or misled by anything he testified to. Then, again,
“Tlie mere fact that a witness has failed to testify as expected does not warrant impeaching him by proof of prior statements in conformity to what he was expected to testify; but proof of prior contradictory statements of a party’s own witness is admissible only where the witness has given affirmative testimony hostile or prejudicial to the party by whom he was called; and in such case the proof must be confined to contradictions of the testimony of the witness which is injurious to the party seeking to impeach him."
The rule ordinarily applicable where conflicting statements of a witness are admissible is also stated by this court in State v. Inlow, 44 Utah, 499, 500, 141 Pac. 530, Ann. Cas. 1917A, 741.
The rule stated in Cyc. is fully supported in Bullard v. Pearsall, 53 N. Y. 230, and in Blough v. Parry, 144 Ind. 463, 40 N. E. 70, 43 N. E. 560.
The court therefore committed manifest error in permitting the prosecuting attorney to interrogate the witness in the manner hereinbefore stated. In view of what is disclosed by the record the court might just as well have
What has been said respecting the witness Mishina is equally true respecting the testimony of the witness Larsen. While it is true that the prosecuting attorney did not attempt to show that Larsen made conflicting statements, he was nevertheless permitted, by means of leading and suggestive questions and otherwise, not only to seriously reflect upon the motives of the witness, but also to sériously assail his veracity, all of which was wholly uncalled for. The controversy. respecting this witness arose over a certain sales slip which defendant’s counsel introduced in evidence as part of the cross-examination of the witness. The materiality of the sales slip arose as follows: The prosecutrix testified that on the evening of the 13th of December, 1917, the evening in question, defendant, in her presence, had purchased from the witness Larsen four lamp globes for use on his car. The defendant denied that he was out with the prosecutrix on the evening in question, and the sales slip showed that the four lamp globes were purchased by the defendant from the witness Larsen on August 5, 1917, and not on December 13th. The evidence of the witness Larsen also was to the effect that the four lamp globes in question were the only ones that were purchased by the defendant from the witness. While the witness had also testified at the preliminary hearing, yet he, at that time, was not interrogated concerning the sales slip. In view, therefore, that the date on the sales slip was in sharp conflict with the statement made by the prosecutrix respecting the time when the lamp globes were purchased, the prosecuting attorney, it seems, was quite desirous to destroy the effect of the sales slip, and in doing so, over the objections of the defendant, was permitted to cross-examine his own witness at great length upon the theory that he was a “hostile witness.” There is absolutely nothing in the record from which it can legitimately be inferred that the witness was either favorable to the defendant or hostile to the state. Indeed, the witness seemed to be quite fair and impartial. We thus have a single transaction, which was evidenced by a sales slip issued by a clerk or bookkeeper of the witness' in due course of business.
There is also a circumstance disclosed by the record which somewhat militates against the statement of the prosecuting witness, and, to some extent at least, is corroborative of Mr. Larsen’s statement that the transaction of purchasing the lamp globes occurred earlier in the season than the time stated by the prosecutrix. She most emphatically testified that she did not leave work on the evening in question until seven
“Q. Was it dark at 6 o’clock when Mr. Scott came to supper and asked you to go out for a ride or a dance or a show? A. No, sir. It was not dark. Q. Do you remember if it was dark at seven [o’clock]? A. Sure it was not dark; it was just getting about dusk, and it was not right dark at seven-thirty. Q. It wasn’t dark yet at seven-thirty. Are you sure about that? A. I certainly am. Q. You certainly are? A. Yes, sir.”
We are bound to take judicial notice of natural laws, and hence we know that at Milford the sun set on the evening of the 13th of December at five o’clock. We further know that in view that the sun passes below the horizon more nearly perpendicularly in winter than in summer twilight is correspondingly shorter in winter than it is in summer. The sun, therefore, had passed below the horizon December 13th for one full hour at six o’clock, two hours at seven o’clock, and two and one-half hours at seven-thirty o’clock. We therefore know that so far as the sun was concerned the darkness of night had set in at six o’clock, and was complete long before seven o’clock, since the sun had passed beneath the horizon fully two hours by 'that time. If, therefore, the prosecutrix is correct in her statements respecting light and darkness, then the occurrences she testified to must have taken place earlier in the season, just as defendant says they did. Respecting the length of twilight in summer in this latitude, see Preece v. O. S. L. R. Co., 48 Utah, 560, 161 Pac. 43. It was therefore impossible that it was merely getting “dusk” at six o’clock, and was not yet dark at seven o’clock on the 13th of December. Such a condition was, however, most natural earlier in the season. According to the state’s own evidence,
It is next urged that the court erred in refusing to permit the defendant to prove that the general reputation of the prosecutrix for chastity was bad. In other words, that she was reputed to be unchaste in the community where she lived. Defendant’s counsel insists that under the authorities such evidence was proper. In view that the defendant denied that he was with the prosecutrix on the night in question, and denied that he had had sexual intercourse with her then or at any time, we cannot conceive how such evidence had any relevancy in this case, except perhaps to affect the credibility of the prosecutrix. It was however, not offered for that purpose, and it is not contended here that it should have been admitted for that purpose. Where the defendant admits the ■ sexual act, but contends that the prosecutrix consented thereto, and where.as here, she is of lawful age, such
*564 “Considering the line of defense adopted hy the defendant, no injury could have been done him hy ruling out this testimony. The only purpose for which such testimony was offered was to show a probability of consent on the part of the prosecutrix to the act of the defendant. The defense was not based upon any theory of consent to the act, but upon a denial by the defendant that .he had ever had any carnal intercourse whatever with the girl. Therefore the testimony was wholly immaterial, and could not have any reference to the defense made by the defendant. McDermott v. State, 13 Ohio St. 332 [82 Am. Dec. 444]; Strang v. People, 24 Mich. 1, text, 7; People v. McLean, 71 Mich. 309, 38 N. W. 917 [15 Am. St. Rep. 263], and English case cited therein. See, also, 19 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, pp. 961, 962; 3 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, p. 158, note, and American and English authorities collated; Wilson v. State, 17 Texas Ct., App. 525, and Texas and other cases collated therein; Shirwin v. People, 69 Ill. 55; State v. Jefferson, 6 Ired. [28 N. C.] 305; State v. Fitzsimon [18 R. I. 236] 27 Atl. 446 [49 Am. St. Rep. 766].”
See, also, 22 R. C. L. page 1208, section 42, where it is said:
“The^general rule is that, in prosecutions for rape, evidence of the prior unchastity of the prosecutrix as a substantive defense is inadmissible. Where, however, the defense rests on the fact of consent the character of the prosecutrix for unchastity is competent evidence as bearing on the probability of her consent to the act with which the defendant is charged, and the likelihood of her resisting the advances of any man, on the ground that it is more probable that an unchaste woman assented to such intercourse than one of strict virtue.”
A large number of cases, to which it is not necessary to ' refer, are cited in support of the text quoted.
See, also, State v. McCune, 16 Utah, 176, 51 Pac. 818, and Lee v. State, 132 Tenn. 655, 179 S. W. 145, L. R. A. 1916B, 963.
Such evidence is inadmissible, however, in what is generally termed statutory rape, that is, where sexual intercourse is had with a female under the age of consent, for any purpose. See State v. Hilberg, 22 Utah, 27, 61 Pac.
*566 “The great weight of authority, however, is opposed to this view, and supports the proposition that evidence of specific acts of un-chastity on the part of the prosecutrix with others than the defendant is inadmissible.” ’
A large number of cases in support of tbe text are cited, to which, we shall not refer here. As a matter of course, if the prosecutrix has had intercourse with the defendant
It is next contended that the court erred in permitting the prosecuting attorney to cross-examine the defendant with respect to his obtaining a divorce from his first
In this connection and in view that the. case must' be remanded for a new trial, we feel constrained to add that the cross-examination of the defendant was improper upon another point. The defendant upon his'examination in chief denied the intercourse, and denied that he was with the prosecu-trix on.the occasion testified to by her, and fully explained where he was during all of the time testified to by her and what he did. His statements in that regard were fully corroborated by other witnesses. In cross-examining the defendant, however, the prosecuting attorney repeated all that was testified to by the prosecutrix by asking numerous questions, in each one of which some fact or facts stated by her were included. In many of these questions the prosecuting attorney also placed his own construction on what the prosecutrix had testified to. Such a method of cross-examination is not only very improper, but it is quite unfair in that by
Another assignment assails the ruling of the court in stating its reason why it did not require a certain witness for the defense to answer a certain question on cross-examination. The defendant produced a witness who testified that the general reputation of the prosecutrix for truth and veracity was bad. The prosecuting attorney on cross-examination asked this question: “What is your reputation in the community where you reside for truth and veracity?” Defendant’s counsel objected to the question as not proper cross-examination. The court, in ruling on the question, said:
“There is no question in the mind of the court hut what you can investigate the character of the witness for truth and veracity, but I don’t think he is required to convict or incriminate himself. For that reason the objection is sustained.”
The objection should have been "sustained for the reason urged by defendant’s counsel. The subject to which the witness testified was the reputation of the prosecutrix.
It is next insisted that the court erred in charging the jury. The court, among other instructions, gave the following:
“The court instructs the jury that it is their province to determine the weight and credibility to be given the testimony of a female upon whom it is alleged in an information that a rape has been committed, and who testifies to the facts and circumstances of such rape as of any other witness testifying in the case. And if such testimony creates in the mind of the Jury a satisfactory conviction and belief beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt, it is sufficient of itself, without other corroborating circumstances or evidence, to justify a verdict of guilty of rape upon the trial of the case.”
The defendant excepted to this instruction, and particularly excepted to that portion which we have italicized. ¥e are of the opinion that the exception is well founded. This precise question was before the Supreme Court of Missouri in State v. Sykes, 191 Mo. 62, 89 S. W. 851. The defendant in that case, as here, was charged with rape, and an instruction similar to the one in question here was given. The court, in passing upon the instruction, among other things, said:
“The instruction, on first reading, and taken alone, would seem to be misleading, in that it tells the jury that the prosecuting witness had no interest in the case whatever other than that of a witness, and ihat her testimony is to be loeighed exactly like that of any other witness in the case.” (Italics ours.)
It is then pointed out that the prosecutrix necessarily has a greater interest in the result of the case than a disinterested witness would have, and that the jury should be instructed to consider and weigh her testimony with that fact in mind. Indeed, it should require no argument to. show that the prosfecu-trix, under circumstances like those disclosed by this record, is vitally interested in the result of the case. Her future reputation to a large extent may be affected by the result, say nothing about the fact that she has a vital interest in vindi-
Finally, it is contended that the judgment should be reversed upon the ground of misconduct on the part of the prosecuting attorney in making the closing argument to the jury. In the bill of exceptions it is made to'appear that in his closing argument the prosecuting attorney told the jury that it was against the law to impeach the defendant for truth and veracity until he himself had first put his reputation in issue. Defendant’s counsel excepted to the statement, and asked.the
There are a number of other assignments argued, but none is sufficient to require special consideration. Neither is it necessary to pass upon the ruling of the court in denying the motion for a new trial upon the ground of newly discovered evidence. Any proper evidence may be introduced if the case is retried.
For the reasons stated, the judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the district court of Beaver county, with directions to grant defendant a new trial.