157 S.E.2d 712 | N.C. | 1967
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Neill McKay ROSS.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
*713 Atty. Gen. T. W. Bruton and Deputy Atty. Gen. Harry W. McGalhard, for the State.
Bryan & Bryan and D. K. Stewart, Dunn, for defendant appellee.
BOBBITT, Justice.
The crime of embezzlement, unknown to the common law, was created and is defined by statute. State v. Thornton, 251 N.C. 658, 111 S.E.2d 901, and cases cited.
Statutes creating criminal offenses must be strictly construed. 4 Strong, N.C. Index, Statutes § 5, p. 179. This rule has been applied with vigor in the construction of our embezzlement statute. State v. Whitehurst, 212 N.C. 300, 193 S.E. 657, 113 A.L.R. 740; State v. Eurell, 220 N.C. 519, 17 S.E.2d 669; State v. Blair, 227 N.C. 70, 40 S.E.2d 460.
In State v. Whitehurst, supra, Stacy, C. J., set forth the history, including the successive amendments, of our embezzlement statute. The statute, then codified as C.S. 4268, was amended in 1939 so as to apply to "any receiver, or any other fiduciary" (Public Laws of 1939, Chapter 1), and in 1941 so as to apply to a "bailee" (Public Laws of 1941, Chapter 31). The words "unincorporated association or organization" were incorporated in G.S. § 14-90 by Chapter 819, Session Laws of 1967.
The statute, now codified as G.S. § 14-90, provides: "If any person exercising a public trust or holding a public office, or any guardian, administrator, executor, trustee, or any receiver, or any other fiduciary, or any officer or agent of a corporation, or any agent, consignee, clerk, bailee or servant, except persons under the age of sixteen years, of any person, shall embezzle or fraudulently or knowingly and willfully misapply or convert to his own use, or shall take, make away with or secrete, with intent to embezzle or fraudulently or knowingly and willfully misapply or convert to his own use any money, goods or other chattels, bank note, check or order for the payment *714 of money issued by or drawn on any bank or other corporation, or any treasury warrant, treasury note, bond or obligation for the payment of money issued by the United States or by any state, or any other valuable security whatsoever belonging to any other person or corporation, unincorporated association or organization which shall have come into his possession or under his care, he shall be guilty of a felony, and shall be punished as in cases of larceny." (Our italics.)
In State v. Ray, 207 N.C. 642, 178 S.E. 224, the defendant, appointed commissioner in a special proceeding, sold lands and collected the purchase price. He was indicted, tried and convicted on a two-count bill, each count charging that he embezzled a portion of the purchase money, to wit, the sum of $2,955.00. The first count charged that defendant received the $2,955.00 "as commissioner of the Superior Court of Orange County, and as agent of the Superior Court of Orange County, and the aforesaid parties," and the second count charged that he received it "as agent and attorney of J. L. Phelps and others." The opinion states: "(T)he status of a commissioner appointed to sell land is not that of a trustee, generally speaking, nor of an agent, either of the court or of the parties to the suit. * * * The defendant could not be convicted on the second count as agent or attorney, but only on the first as commissioner. C.S. 4268. This distinction was not pointed out to the twelve. Indeed, the jury was left with the impression that both counts of the bill were valid, and that a conviction might be had on either or both." The opinion continues: "Whether the defendant had embezzled any part of the funds which came into his hands as commissioner, and not as agent or attorney, was the issue arising on the evidence. (Citations) This, and this alone, was the question to be determined by the jury. (Citation)" A new trial, limited to the first count, was awarded. The opinion and decision assume the first count charged the crime of embezzlement.
In State v. Whitehurst, supra, it was held that "a receiver of an insolvent corporation (was) not within the terms of the statute." While noting the rule of strict construction did not require that the statute "be stintingly or even narrowly construed," it was said the statute could not "be extended by construction to persons not within the classes designated." The opinion states: "A receiver is usually denominated an officer of the court, an `arm' or `hand' of the court, but he holds no public office. (Citations) Nor is he engaged in exercising a public trust. (Citation) He is not an agent within the meaning of the embezzlement statute. (Citation) * * * Nor is he a trustee in the sense this term is used in the statute. The property he administers is said to be in custodia legis. * * * It may be noted, however, that the offense here charged apparently took place prior to the amendment of 1931, interpolating the word `trustee,' and the term is not used in the indictment." The opinion states that State v. Ray, supra, "wherein a commissioner to sell land was charged with embezzlement, is not an authority in support of the present indictment. There, the bill was not challenged by demurrer or motion to quash, and its sufficiency was not mooted. The case was made to turn on the inadequacy of the court's charge to the jury." The opinion closes with this suggestive comment: "Whether the scope of the statute should again be enlarged, so as to include receivers, is a legislative, rather than a judicial question." State v. Whitehurst, supra, was decided November 3, 1937. The General Assembly of 1939, by its enactment of Chapter 1, Public Laws of 1939, amended C.S. 4268 by adding after the comma following the word "trustee" and before the words "or any officer," the following: "or any receiver, or any other fiduciary." The manifest purpose of the 1939 amendment was to enlarge the scope of the embezzlement statute. The words, "or any other fiduciary," show clearly the General Assembly did not intend to restrict the application of the 1939 amendment to receivers.
*715 Defendant, in his brief, states: "A commissioner is not included by name, and therefore unless it (sic) is included as being `or any other fiduciary,' it is not within the statute." Citing the rule of ejusdem generis, he contends that "commissioner is not in the same class as guardian, administrator, executor, trustee, or receiver, which are the words preceding `or any other fiduciary.'"
"In the construction of statutes, the ejusdem generis rule is that where general words follow a designation of particular subjects or things, the meaning of the general words will ordinarily be presumed to be, and construed as, restricted by the particular designations and as including only things of the same kind, character and nature as those specifically enumerated. The rule does not necessarily require such limitation in scope of the general words or terms. It is but a rule of construction to aid in ascertaining and giving effect to the legislative intent where there is uncertainty." State v. Fenner, 263 N.C. 694, 697-698, 140 S.E.2d 349, 352.
It is noteworthy that a guardian, an administrator and an executor are fiduciaries whose duties are prescribed by law and who act under the supervision and orders of the court. A "trustee" is a fiduciary. Whether the word "trustee" in the embezzlement statute refers only to a court-appointed trustee need not be determined. A receiver, as stated in State v. Whitehurst, supra, is an "arm" or "hand" of the court.
The words, "or any other fiduciary," were put into the embezzlement statute simultaneously with the words, "or any receiver," and cannot be ignored. It must be presumed the General Assembly used the words of the statute advisedly and thereby expressed its intent. 50 Am.Jur., Statutes § 227, p. 212.
One who, under authority of and subject to the others of the clerk of the superior court, is commissioned to collect, receive and handle money, and to disburse it to those entitled thereto under the law, has substantially the same status as a court-appointed receiver. Such commissioner is a fiduciary in the same sense a receiver is a fiduciary. See definitions of "fiduciary" in 36A C.J.S. Fiduciary pp. 381-389. Special confidence and trust is imposed in him. In our opinion, and we so hold, the status of such commissioner is "of the same kind, character and nature" as the status of a receiver. Hence, the rule of ejusdem generis does not conflict with but rather tends to support our conclusion that the embezzlement statute, subsequent to the 1939 amendment, includes such commissioner.
In State v. Eurell, supra, it was held that, prior to the amendment of 1941, the portion of C.S. 4268 referring to "any agent, consignee, clerk or servant," did not include a "bailee." The indictment charged defendant was "the agent, consignee, clerk, employee and servant of Lessie Carr" and as such had embezzled the money thus entrusted to him. It was stated that "(t)he cause was tried upon the theory that the contract the evidence for the State tended to establish constituted the defendant an agent." The words, "or any other fiduciary," do not appear in the portion of the statute pertinent to that case. Nor does the indictment contain any reference thereto.
Although it might well have set forth with greater particularity the facts concerning the proceedings in which defendant was appointed commissioner, we hold the indictment sufficient to withstand defendant's motion to quash. Hence, the judgment of the court below is reversed.
Reversed.