2006 Ohio 5292 | Ohio Ct. App. | 2006
Lead Opinion
FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE DEFENDANT IN ITS INTERPRETATION THAT STATE V. YEAGER [(Sept. 24, 1999), Ross App. No. 99CA2492], IS CONTROLLING AND GIVES THE OFFICER A RIGHT TO ASK [A] PASSENGER FOR IDENTIFICATION AS A MATTER OF PROTECTING THAT OFFICER'S SAFETY."
SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS APPLICATION OF STATE V. YEAGER WHEN THE OFFICER TESTIFIED THAT HE DID NOT HAVE ANY CONCERNS FOR HIS SAFETY."
THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS HOLDING THAT YEAGER ALLOWED THE STOP TO BE EXTENDED BEYOND THE INITIAL REASON FOR THE STOP AND FAILED TO APPLY OTHER CASE LAW TO THE SET OF CIRCUMSTANCES."
FOURTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS HOLDING THAT THE CONSENT FOR THE SEARCH OF THE DEFENDANT'S CAR AND HOME WAS VOLUNTARY."
FIFTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN BASING ITS OPINION ON A PRIOR CASE,STATE V. SHINKLE WHEN THE FACTS OF THE CASES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT."
SIXTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
"THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED DEFENDANTS' [SIC] MOTION TO SUPPRESS BASED ON FACTS PROVIDED IN THE PROSECUTOR'S MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT AND NOT ON FACTS PRESENTED IN COURT AT THE SUPPRESSION HEARING."
{¶ 2} On October 5, 2004, the Highland County Grand Jury returned an indictment charging appellant with: (1) illegal manufacture of drugs in violation of R.C.
{¶ 3} Appellant pled not guilty and later filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of a traffic stop. She asserted that the stop and subsequent search violated the
{¶ 4} As the officer approached the vehicle, he recognized the driver (appellant) but not the passenger. He requested appellant's driver's license and the passenger's identification. The passenger told the officer that he did not have identification, but that his name was Danny Morgan. The officer then asked the passenger for his social security. He, however, stated that he did not know his number. The officer then requested the passenger's date of birth. The passenger hesitated before he stated that it was February 5, 1960. The officer then asked the passenger his age. Again, the passenger hesitated. The officer then walked to the cruiser and relayed to the dispatcher the information from appellant's driver's license and the passenger's name.
{¶ 5} Deputy Bowen learned that appellant's license was valid, but that no record existed on Danny Morgan. He asked the dispatcher if any warrants existed on any Morgan subject because he was familiar with an individual by the name of "Duck Morgan," whom he thought had an existing warrant. The dispatcher stated that a capias did exist for one Donald Morgan. The dispatcher advised that if the passenger truly was Danny Morgan, he should have red hair. The passenger had brown hair, however.
{¶ 6} Deputy Bowen then returned to the vehicle and requested appellant to exit so that he could question her about the passenger. The officer informed appellant that he thought the passenger was lying about his identity. He and appellant walked to his vehicle and he told her that he needed to know the passenger's identity and that if she lied to him, she could be arrested. Appellant told Bowen that she only knew the passenger as "Duck." The passenger apparently overheard this conversation and yelled out the window that he was Donald Morgan. The officer then arrested Morgan. When Morgan exited the vehicle, Bowen noticed something black protruding from underneath the passenger seat. After the officer secured Morgan, he told appellant that he saw something under the seat and requested appellant's permission. Appellant gave the officer permission.
{¶ 7} When Deputy Bowen looked under the passenger seat, he observed a quart oil jug, three plastic baggies containing a white substance, a fourth baggie that contained green vegetation, and a "one hitter" drug pipe. Deputy Bowen took the items to his vehicle. Morgan stated that they were his. The officer then obtained appellant's permission to search the remainder of the vehicle and her residence at 7509 Walker Road. A search of the residence resulted in the discovery of a shed that contained a methamphetamine laboratory.
{¶ 8} On June 8, 2005, the trial court overruled appellant's motion to suppress and adopted the state's version of the facts. The court determined that State v. Yeager (Sept. 24, 1999), Ross App. No. 99CA2492 permitted the officer to stop the vehicle. The court further concluded that the officer could ask the passenger for identification and, once the officer became suspicious that the passenger was not truthful, the officer could inquire further to ascertain the passenger's identity. The court also determined that appellant voluntarily consented to a search of her vehicle and home. To support its decision, the court referred the parties to its prior decision in State v. Shinkle, Highland C.P. Nos. 04CR30 and 04CR32.
{¶ 9} On February 2, 2006, appellant pled no contest to illegal manufacture of drugs and appellee agreed to dismiss the remaining charges. This appeal followed.
{¶ 11} In her assignments of error, appellant contends that the trial court improperly applied Yeager when it determined that the traffic stop did not violate the
{¶ 12} Initially, we note that appellate review of a trial court's decision regarding a motion to suppress evidence involves mixed questions of law and fact. See State v. Long (1998),
{¶ 13} The
{¶ 14} A traffic stop initiated by a law enforcement officer is a warrantless
"Temporary detention of individuals during the stop of an automobile by the police, even if only for a brief period and for a limited purpose, constitutes a seizure of `persons' within the meaning of [the
Id. at 809-10 (citations omitted); see, also, Dayton v.Erickson (1996),
{¶ 15} A court that is determining whether a law enforcement officer possessed reasonable suspicion or probable cause to stop or to continue to detain an individual must examine the "totality of the circumstances." See, e.g., Arvizu,
{¶ 16} Once an officer has lawfully stopped a vehicle, the officer must "carefully tailor" the scope of the stop "to its underlying justification," and the stop must "last no longer than is necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop." Florida v.Royer (1983),
{¶ 17} When a law enforcement officer stops a vehicle for a traffic violation, the officer may detain the motorist for a period of time sufficient to issue the motorist a citation and to perform routine procedures such as a computer check on the motorist's driver's license, registration and vehicle plates. SeeState v. Carlson (1995),
"When a police officer's objective justification to continue detention of a person * * * is not related to the purpose of the original stop, and when that continued detention is not based on any articulable facts giving rise to a suspicion of some illegal activity justifying an extension of the detention, the continued detention to conduct a search constitutes an illegal seizure."
Thus, if a law enforcement officer, during a valid investigative stop, ascertains "reasonably articulable facts giving rise to a suspicion of criminal activity, the officer may then further detain and implement a more in-depth investigation of the individual." Id. at 241; see, also, State v. Spindler (Apr. 23, 2002), Ross App. No. 01CA2624.
{¶ 18} Additionally, when a lawfully stopped vehicle contains passengers, law enforcement officers may detain those passengers for the duration of the driver's detention. See State v.Jackson (Apr. 25, 2006), Pickaway App. No. 05CA12,2
citing State v. Brown, Montgomery App. No. 20336,
"Recognizing that `detention, not questioning, is the evil' at issue, * * * so long as the traffic stop is valid, `any questioning which occurs during the detention, even if unrelated to the scope of the detention, is valid so long as the questioning does not improperly extend the duration of the detention.'"
Id. at 556-57, quoting State v. Wright (June 28, 1995), Medina App. No. 2371-M; see, also, State v. Morgan, Montgomery App. No. 18955, 2002-Ohio-268.
{¶ 19} Employing the above principles to the case at bar, we conclude that the trial court correctly overruled appellant's motion. The officer acquired information that the vehicle owner's driver's license had expired. Thus, he had reason to believe that a traffic violation was occurring and the resulting stop was proper. See R.C.
{¶ 20} The next issue is whether the officer could continue the detention once he realized that appellant was not the vehicle's owner. We believe that he could. The reason for the stop was to investigate whether a violation of R.C.
{¶ 21} Appellant next asserts that even if the initial stop and continued detention to request her license was proper, the continued detention in order to request the passenger's license was not proper. As we stated above, however, law enforcement officers may request a passenger's identification as long as the driver's detention is lawful. See Jackson. In the case at bar, when the officer requested the passenger's identification, he had yet to complete the purpose of his stop, i.e., to investigate whether appellant violated R.C.
{¶ 22} Appellant next asserts that the officer unlawfully expanded the stop by questioning her about the passenger's identity. We disagree. The passenger's hesitation in responding to the officer's questions regarding his identity, and the officer's knowledge that an individual with the last name of Morgan had an outstanding warrant, gave the officer reasonable cause to investigate whether the passenger was the Morgan with the outstanding warrant. He thus was entitled to inquire further and to detain the vehicle until he dispelled or confirmed his suspicions.
{¶ 23} Although we have independently reviewed the trial court's decision and determined that the court properly applied the
{¶ 24} The defendant filed a motion to suppress evidence and argued that the officer lacked reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle. The trial court granted the motion to suppress and the state appealed. On appeal, we held "that reliable information that a vehicle's owner lacks a valid operator's license, coupled with the rational inference that the owner is likely to be the driver, may create reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to support a traffic stop." We further stated that "a vehicle owner's license status is a specific articulable fact that an officer may rely upon in suspecting that a driver is illegally operating a vehicle." We found "nothing unreasonable in an officer's decision to stop a vehicle whose owner does not have a valid driver's license when the officer can reasonably infer that the owner is the driver." We thus concluded that the officer properly stopped the vehicle and did not violate the defendant's
{¶ 25} Yeager is similar to the case at bar and we see nothing improper with the trial court's reliance upon it. InYeager, as in the case sub judice, the officer stopped the vehicle upon suspicion that the vehicle owner did not have a valid driver's license. In Yeager, we held that a law enforcement officer may constitutionally stop a vehicle when he reasonably suspects that the vehicle owner lacks a valid license, and we see no reason to depart from that holding in the case at bar or why that holding should not apply to the case at bar.
{¶ 26} Contrary to appellant's argument, we do not believe that the trial court relied upon Yeager to hold that the officer in the case sub judice could lawfully request the passenger's identification. The court's statement that, "the Court has concluded that [Yeager] is controlling as to the initial stop of the motor vehicle and that the officer had a right to ask the passenger for identification as a matter of protecting his own safety," contains two separate conclusions based on different legal principles, not one based on Yeager. Furthermore, even if we assume for purposes of argument that the trial court misapplied Yeager, our de novo review of the trial court's application of the legal principles in a motion to suppress corrects any error. Therefore, appellant's arguments that the court incorrectly applied Yeager are without merit.
{¶ 27} Appellant further asserts that our cautionary statement in Yeager should lead us to conclude that the officer could not prolong the stop once he realized that she was not the registered owner of the vehicle. In Yeager, we stated:
"Our holding should not be construed to mean that information concerning the invalidity of a vehicle owner's license will always justify an investigatory traffic stop. Because courts must utilize a totality of the circumstances standard to determine whether an investigatory stop is constitutionally valid, other information known to the officer could become relevant. For example, if other information discerned by the officer shows that the driver is not the registered owner, the officer may lack reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle. In that situation, the inference that the owner is usually the driver is no longer rational and cannot be drawn from the fact of an unlicensed owner."
The above statement recognizes that the officer may, in certain instances, observe facts that should lead him to conclude that the vehicle driver is not the vehicle owner and that the officer may not be justified in stopping the vehicle.
{¶ 28} In the case at bar, nothing in the record suggests that the officer recognized appellant before he stopped the vehicle. Only after he stopped the vehicle did he recognize appellant. In Yeager, we did not address the continued detention of a driver after the stop. Thus, the above cautionary statement regarding the initial stop of the vehicle does not apply.
{¶ 29} We additionally note that in Yeager, the officer stopped the vehicle based upon information that the vehicle owner was presumably female and, upon approaching the vehicle, observed that the driver was male. We nonetheless upheld the validity of the stop. See, also, State v. Riley, Warren App. No. CA2002-12-120,
{¶ 30} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant's first, second, and third assignments of error.
{¶ 32} No
{¶ 33} Whether an individual voluntarily consented to a search is a question of fact, not a question of law. See Statev. Fry, Jackson App. No. 03CA26,
{¶ 34} Important factors for a court to consider in determining whether consent is voluntary include: (1) the suspect's custodial status and the length of the initial detention; (2) whether the consent was given in public or at a police station; (3) the presence of threats, promises, or coercive police procedures; (4) the words and conduct of the suspect; (5) the extent and level of the suspect's cooperation with the police; (6) the suspect's awareness of his right to refuse to consent and his status as a "newcomer to the law"; and (7) the suspect's education and intelligence. See Schneckloth,
{¶ 35} An individual's knowledge of the right to refuse consent "is not a prerequisite of a voluntary consent."Schneckloth,
{¶ 36} In the case sub judice, we believe that the evidence supports the trial court's determination that appellant voluntarily consented to the search of her vehicle and home. Application of the Schneckloth factors reveals: (1) appellant was not under arrest when she consented to the search of her vehicle or home, but was lawfully stopped for a suspected traffic violation; (2) the record suggests that when appellant consented, not more than twenty to thirty minutes had elapsed; (3) appellant consented to the search her vehicle on the side of the roadway, not at a police station where the environment can be more intimidating; (4) no evidence was adduced that the officer threatened appellant into coercing, promised her anything in exchange for consenting, or otherwise used coercive police tactics to obtain her consent (the presence of an additional police officer did not render the environment unduly coercive, and simply because the officers were armed did not render the environment unduly coercive); (5) appellant's words and conduct led the officer to believe that she consented and nothing in the record suggests that she hesitated before consenting; and (6) nothing in the record suggests that appellant failed to cooperate with the officers. We agree with the trial court's conclusion that the totality of the circumstances indicates that appellant consented to a search of her vehicle and home. The officer testified that appellant consented to a search of both the vehicle and her home, both verbally and in writing.4
{¶ 37} Appellant's assertion that the officer exceeded the scope of her consent by looking underneath the seat is without merit. When the officer looked under the seat, he observed not only the black object that initially aroused his curiosity and prompted him to request consent to search, but also what appeared to be contraband. He then requested appellant's permission to search the remainder of the vehicle, which she gave.
{¶ 38} Appellant's complaint that the officer threatened her into consenting is also without merit. The officer apparently advised appellant that if she did not tell the truth regarding her passenger's identity, he would arrest her. The officer did not threaten to arrest her if she failed to give him information or if she failed to consent to a search.
{¶ 39} We further disagree with appellant that appellant felt compelled to consent merely because the officer requested it. "`While most citizens will respond to a police request, the fact that people do so, and do so without being told they are free not to respond, hardly eliminates the consensual nature of the response.'" Drayton,
{¶ 40} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant's fourth assignment of error.
{¶ 42} As we stated in our discussion of appellant's first three assignments of error, our de novo review of the trial court's legal conclusions in a motion to suppress corrects any error the trial court may have committed in relying upon incorrect case law. Thus, as we determined in a companion case, "the question of whether the trial court appropriately appliedShinkle, is a non-issue here, as this court must determine whether the trial court's facts meet the appropriate legal standard." State v. Morgan, Highland App. No. 05CA14,
{¶ 43} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant's fifth assignment of error.
{¶ 45} A trial court may adopt a party's findings of fact so long as they are accurate. See State v. Combs (1994),
{¶ 46} In the case at bar, nothing suggests that appellee's statement of facts was inaccurate such that the trial court should not have adopted it.
{¶ 47} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant's sixth assignment of error and affirm the trial court's judgment.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Dissenting Opinion
{¶ 48} I dissent because the officer lacked reasonable suspicion or probable cause to continue to detain appellant once he realized that she was not the registered owner. Immediately upon approaching the vehicle, the officer recognized appellant and knew that she was not Turvene, the vehicle's registered owner. He stopped the vehicle on suspicion that the vehicle's registered owner lacked a valid driver's license. That suspicion dissipated once the officer observed that appellant was not the registered owner and the officer, therefore, had no cause to continue to detain appellant and request her driver's license. At most, he could have offered appellant a courtesy explanation for the stop. Had he then observed additional facts that gave rise to independent reasonable suspicion, he could have detained appellant. Without additional independent reasonable suspicion, he unlawfully detained appellant.
{¶ 49} For example, in State v. Chatton (1984),
In reaching its decision, the court referred to Delaware v.Prouse, which held: * * * [E]xcept in those situations in which there is at least articulable and reasonable suspicion that a motorist is unlicensed or that an automobile is not registered, or that either the vehicle or an occupant is otherwise subject to seizure for violation of law, stopping an automobile and detaining the driver in order to check his driver's license and the registration of the automobile are unreasonable under the
Id. at 61, quoting Delaware v. Prouse (1979),
{¶ 50} The court concluded that "once the police officer * * * observed the temporary tags, [the defendant] could no longer be reasonably suspected of operating an unlicensed or unregistered vehicle." Id. at 63. The court reasoned: "[B]ecause the police officer no longer maintained a reasonable suspicion that [the defendant's] vehicle was not properly licensed or registered, to further detain [the defendant] and demand that he produce his driver's license is akin to the random detentions struck down by the Supreme Court in Delaware v. Prouse, supra. Although the police officer, as a matter of courtesy, could have explained to appellee the reason he was initially detained, the police officer could not unite the search to this detention, and appellee should have been free to continue on his way without having to produce his driver's license." Id. at 63. Similarly, in the case at bar, the officer immediately recognized appellant and knew she was not the registered owner of the vehicle. Thus, he no longer suspected that the registered owner of the vehicle was operating that vehicle without a license. Because he no longer could reasonably suspect that a crime was occurring, appellant should have been free to continue on her way without having to produce a driver's license. See also my abbreviated dissent in a companion case,State v. Morgan, Highland 05CA14,
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Highland County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.
If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has been previously granted, it is continued for a period of sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of said stay is to allow appellant to file with the Ohio Supreme Court an application for a stay during the pendency of the proceedings in that court. The stay as herein continued will terminate at the expiration of the sixty day period.
The stay will also terminate if appellant fails to file a notice of appeal with the Ohio Supreme Court in the forty-five day period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Ohio Supreme Court. Additionally, if the Ohio Supreme Court dismisses the appeal prior to the expiration of said sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Harsha, P.J.: Dissents with Dissenting Opinion.
McFarland, J.: Concurs in Judgment Opinion.