State v. Robert BurnhamState v. Robert Burnham
Justice FLAHERTY, for the Court.
This case came before the Supreme Court on appeal from a judgment of conviction after a jury found the defendant, Robert Burnham, guilty of two counts of second-degree child molestation. The defendant filed a motion for new trial, but on November 26, 2008, the trial justice issued a written decision in which he denied the motion. He then sentenced the defendant to a term of thirty years, six to serve and the balance suspended, with probation. Before this Court, the defendant asserts that the trial justice erred: (1) when he denied his motion for new trial, which motion was founded on a claim that he was deprived of pretrial access to certain relevant hospital records and police reports; (2) when he failed to properly instruct the jury on the issue of the voluntariness of his police statement; and (3) when he improperly limited his cross-examination of the complaining witness. Because we are of the opinion that the defendant‘s arguments are without merit, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.
I
Facts and Travel
In 2006, defendant was indicted by a grand jury on two counts of second-degree child molestation and one count of first-degree child molestation. All counts involved a single female, and all counts were alleged to have occurred between January 1, 2006, and June 8, 2006.1
Before trial began, defendant‘s pretrial counsel issued a number of subpoenas under
On February 5 and 6, 2008, a jury trial was conducted in the Superior Court, in which both Jane and a detective testified for the state. Jane explained that the allegations in the indictment all had occurred in 2006, when she was twelve years old. She explained that defendant was a “friend of the family,” who once had had a relationship with her mother. She further testified that defendant owned a house and that defendant‘s mother resided there with him. Jane said that she spent the night at defendant‘s house on three separate occasions and that it was on those occasions that the three incidents occurred. According to Jane, each time she stayed at defendant‘s house, she slept in defendant‘s mother‘s bedroom and she wore defendant‘s mother‘s pajamas.
At trial, Jane testified that the first time she slept at defendant‘s house, she woke up to discover defendant on top of her while she was lying on her stomach. She explained that defendant had one hand near her neck and the other hand on his penis. According to her testimony, defendant then proceeded to pull her pajama bottoms down, and he placed his penis on her buttocks and vagina. She said that when he tried to insert his penis in her vagina, she moved her leg and he left the room.
During the second incident, Jane again was sleeping on her stomach, and she again awoke to find defendant on top of her. As he did in the first incident, defendant pulled her pajama bottoms down and placed his penis on her thigh, buttock, and vagina. She testified that when he tried to put his penis in her vagina, she moved and, as had occurred during the earlier occasion, he left the room.
Before the third incident, Jane was at defendant‘s house, but she informed him she did not want to stay overnight. He replied that he was not going to bring her home because the weather had created poor driving conditions, and her mother was unable to pick her up because she did not have a car. Jane went to sleep, but she woke up, this time on her back, and realized that defendant was pulling her pajama bottoms down and inserting his penis in her vagina. She felt a sharp pain and made a sound, at which time defendant ran back to his room.4
Jane revealed to her best friend the molestation that had occurred, but she did not tell her mother right away “[b]ecause [Jane] used to watch America‘s Most Wanted and * * * [she] thought they would come after [her].” She explained that after the third incident, her attitude toward defendant went “down hill” and that she would act “bad[ly]” around him and “[b]eat him up.” She said that at some point her mother asked her why she was behaving in this manner, and, at that time, she told her mother about the incidents. On June 8, 2006, her mother
During cross-examination, defense counsel asked Jane a series of questions about a conversation Jane had with her mother about other sexual activity in which she may have been engaged, suggesting that this had led to the accusations that she made against defendant. The state objected to the line of inquiry, citing
The state then called Det. Timothy Grant of the Warwick Police Department, who had investigated the incidents in question. He explained that, after interviewing Jane, he and another officer went to defendant‘s home and informed him that he was the subject of an investigation. The detectives requested that defendant accompany them to the Warwick Police Department to assist in the investigation. Detective Grant then said that when the officers offered defendant the option of either driving himself to the station or riding with them, defendant chose to travel with the detectives. On the way to the station, defendant asked “if the case involved [Jane],” even though the officers had not yet referred to Jane by name. The officers brought defendant to a ten-foot-by-ten-foot room and read his Miranda6 rights to him. The defendant acknowledged that he understood his rights, and he signed his name and provided his address on the rights form.
Detective Grant testified that during the interview at the police station, defendant acknowledged that he was a friend of Jane‘s family and that she had stayed overnight at his home on three occasions. Detective Grant observed that during the conversation about the sleepovers, defendant became nervous and fidgety and that he would not maintain eye contact with the officers. He also testified that defendant said that Jane had worn tight jeans each time she slept at his home, but that he later stated that he remembered Jane wearing his mother‘s pajamas on one occasion.
Detective Grant then explained that he revealed to defendant that Jane had provided the detectives with a police statement, and he informed defendant of what she had said in that statement. The defendant initially responded by asserting that he “never touched [Jane]” and that he had never been in the bedroom where Jane slept when she stayed overnight. To the contrary, defendant asserted that Jane had come into his bedroom and “came on to him,” asking him to massage her back and rub her hair. The defendant conceded that he was sexually attracted to Jane—although he knew she was only twelve—and said that if she had been thirteen years old he would have considered having sex with her.
Detective Grant noted that, as the interview continued, defendant made comments
Eventually, defendant conceded to the detectives that, on one occasion, he was having sexual thoughts about Jane and, at approximately 2:30 a.m., he went into the bedroom where she was sleeping. He said that he sat on the bed and watched her. He explained that he became aroused and rubbed against her through his shorts. He further admitted that he pulled Jane‘s pajama bottoms down and that he “rubbed the inside of her thigh and may have rubbed against her vagina” with his hand. He swore to the officers that he did not penetrate Jane, but after the officers advised defendant about Jane‘s “very detailed statement“—where she recalled him straddling her and attempting to place his penis inside her vagina—he responded, “I‘m not saying she made it up,” and “[s]he‘s a very smart girl.” The defendant then became teary-eyed and commented to Det. Grant that “if I touched her, I‘m sorry.”
At this point, after about two hours of being interviewed, defendant agreed to give a written statement.7 Detective Grant testified that he wrote the statement himself because defendant was illiterate. Detective Grant testified that he went over small segments of the statement—one at a time—with defendant, writing them down and reading them back to him.8 When the
On February 6, 2008, a jury found defendant guilty of the two second-degree counts of child molestation, but it was unable to reach a verdict on the first-degree charge. A mistrial was declared, but the state later voluntarily dismissed the remaining count of first-degree child molestation. On February 13, 2008, defendant retained new counsel and moved for a new trial. A hearing on the motion for a new trial took place on May 16, 2008. Alan B. Feinstein, a clinical psychologist, testified about a condition termed oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), with which Jane had been diagnosed at the age of four. Posttrial counsel explained that the ODD diagnosis was relevant to explain Jane‘s “violent altercations with people,” which could explain why she “beat up” defendant. Posttrial counsel also sought to address the fact that Jane had nightmares “prior to any time when she was allegedly assaulted.” Because both the ODD diagnosis and the nightmares were referred to in the Butler Hospital records, counsel argued that the Butler Hospital records should have been provided to defendant.
Pretrial counsel then testified; he was questioned about the extent to which he had reviewed the records that had been subpoenaed, including the Butler Hospital records. Pretrial counsel explained that he issued the subpoenas in April 2007 to Butler Hospital, the Kent Center, the Department of Children, Youth, and Families (DCYF), and the Family Court. Although he recalled certain records from DCYF and the Kent Center, he explained that he did not “remember whether or not [he] had possession of the records from Butler Hospital.” He did remember, however, that Butler Hospital “sent a letter to [him]” that “said they would be forwarding the records to [the motion justice] for his review.”9
Pretrial counsel also described that he was familiar with the motion justice‘s procedure of conducting a review of subpoenaed medical records, whereby documents were delivered to the Superior Court and the attorneys would be permitted to review the records. He explained that he did not recall whether he was contacted by any member of the Superior Court about reviewing the Butler Hospital records, but he also said that he did not recall “being refused access” to the records. He “c[ould]n‘t say that [he] did or did not have a chance to review those records,” and he explained that he “may have looked at them, but [he] d[id]n‘t remember.” When presented with the Butler Hospital records for his review at the hearing, he noted that he “[did]n‘t recall seeing these, but the information contained therein, a lot of it [wa]s in the Kent Center records. Diagnoses were in there that [he] saw quickly, incidents of prior conduct [were] both in DCYF and Kent Center records.”
Next, trial counsel was examined. He explained that he received a copy of pretrial counsel‘s files after he assumed responsibility for the case. He testified that he did not recall whether there were any records from Butler Hospital, but he did
Finally, a clerk of the Kent County Superior Court testified that the Butler Hospital records had been located in the motion justice‘s chambers, although they later were moved to another justice‘s chambers. He also explained that records produced for in camera review generally are sent to the trial justice and are not recorded in the clerk‘s office.
After the hearing, the parties submitted a stipulation about the travel of the Butler Hospital records, which included that the motion justice ordered the records “to be produced for an in camera review,” “[t]he records were mailed directly to [the motion justice] on May 7, 2007,” “[the motion justice] never looked at any of the records himself” because “[i]t was his practice to provide the records to the attorneys to review and designate what they needed for their case,” but that “[the motion justice] recall[ed] provid[ing] some records * * * to [pretrial counsel] and a representative of the Attorney General‘s Office.” Based on the testimony adduced at the hearing and the stipulation, the trial justice ultimately denied the motion for new trial on November 26, 2008, and final judgment was entered on January 2, 2009. This appeal ensued.
Before this Court, defendant raises the following issues: (1) the trial justice erred when he denied his motion for new trial; (2) the trial justice erred when he failed to properly instruct the jury on the issue of the voluntariness of defendant‘s statement to the police; and (3) the trial justice erred when he limited defendant‘s cross-examination of Jane.
II
Standard of Review
Under
Further, the standard of review that this Court uses when reviewing jury instructions is well settled: the jury charge “need only ‘adequately cover[ ] the law.‘” State v. Lynch, 19 A.3d 51, 58 (R.I.2011) (quoting State v. Cardona, 969 A.2d 667, 674 (R.I.2009)). “Jury instructions are reviewed ‘in their entirety to ascertain the manner in which a jury of ordinary intelligent lay people would have understood them * * *.‘” Id. (quoting Cardona, 969 A.2d at 674). “[A]n erroneous charge warrants reversal only if it can be shown that the jury ‘could have been misled’ to the resultant prejudice of the complaining party.” Id. (quoting State v. Sivo, 925 A.2d 901, 913 (R.I.2007)).
Finally, “[o]ur standard of review of a trial justice‘s admission of evidence is for an abuse of discretion.” State v. Reyes, 984 A.2d 606, 614-15 (R.I.2009). “The trial justice‘s decision will be upheld unless the trial justice abused his or her discretion and the admission of irrelevant evidence was prejudicial to a defendant‘s
III
Analysis
A
Motion for a New Trial
1
Medical Records
The defendant argues that the trial justice erred when he denied his motion for a new trial because he was not provided with pretrial access to the Butler Hospital records, because neither the motion justice nor the trial justice conducted an in camera review of those records. This, he contends, deprived him of his rights to compulsory process and confrontation under the United States and Rhode Island Constitutions. Before this Court, defendant urges that he was prejudiced at trial because he could have used the records to attack Jane‘s credibility. The state responds that defendant failed to meet his burden for a new trial grounded on a claim of newly discovered evidence because the hospital records were easily discoverable prior to the trial, and, in any event, the documents would not have changed the verdict at trial.
We recognize that a request for confidential health-care information about another person often can create tension between a criminal defendant‘s right to effectively cross-examine witnesses and the public‘s interest in securing the confidentiality of certain types of information. State v. Kholi, 672 A.2d 429, 436-37 (R.I.1996). However, a defendant‘s constitutional right to evidence does not include an unsupervised romp through another person‘s confidential healthcare records or the right to make a materiality determination. Id. at 437. An in camera review of sensitive or personal information strikes the requisite balance between those two interests and satisfies due process requirements. Id.
When he ruled on defendant‘s motion for a new trial, the trial justice made a finding that defendant had served a
The trial justice also found that pretrial counsel was well aware of the regular procedure that the motion justice followed when he received records for in camera review, which was to put them aside for the attorneys’ later perusal. When he weighed the merits of the motion for new trial, the trial justice took into consider
Accordingly, we hold that defendant was not deprived of his rights to compulsory process or confrontation because both pretrial counsel and trial counsel were afforded access to the Butler Hospital records. There is no evidence that either the motion justice or the trial justice hindered defendant from getting access to or reviewing those records in any way.10
The defendant relies on this Court‘s holding in State v. Kelly, 554 A.2d 632 (R.I.1989), as support for his argument that he was deprived of his right to compulsory process and his right to confrontation. In that case, we held that a flat refusal by a trial justice to order the production of a witness‘s DCYF records on the grounds of confidentiality denied the defendant his right to effective cross-examination. Id. at 636. Here, however, unlike in Kelly, defendant was never deprived of an opportunity to review the Butler Hospital records. The motion justice ordered the records to be produced for an in camera review, and, after its motion to quash was denied, Butler Hospital provided the attorneys with notice that the records were being produced in accordance with the court‘s order. We have no hesitation in concluding that failure to take advantage of this opportunity should not, and does not, create a basis for a new trial.11
However, even if there had been an error based on the failure of the motion justice to conduct in camera review, defendant would not be entitled to a new trial, because there was no material prejudice to defendant. In Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 58, 107 S.Ct. 989, 94 L.Ed.2d 40 (1987), the United States Supreme Court held that a new trial is warranted only if a subsequent in camera review of the records discloses information “that probably would have changed the outcome of [a] trial.”
In this case, the trial justice explained that he “conducted a page-by-page review of the subject hospital records and * * * found that none of them need[ed] [to] have been disclosed to trial counsel,” and “[a]fter performing the balancing test required by [G.L.1956] §§ 5-37.3-6.1(d) and (e), * * * any perceived need for the information contained therein does not ‘clearly outweigh the privacy interest of the individual’ involved * * *.” The trial justice considered the particular information in
2
Police Statement
The defendant next contends that the trial justice erred in rejecting posttrial counsel‘s argument that the state was required to produce certain police statements that either mentioned or were provided by Jane. The defendant argues that withholding Jane‘s police statement from him violated the state‘s obligations under
We review a trial justice‘s decision about whether a violation of Rule 16 or a Brady violation has occurred with great deference to the trial justice, and we will not disturb his or her ruling unless he or she has committed clear error. State v. McManus, 941 A.2d 222, 229 (R.I.2008) (citing State v. Briggs, 886 A.2d 735, 755 (R.I.2005)). When a criminal defendant requests discovery material concerning witnesses whom the state may call to testify at trial,
Beyond the mandates of Rule 16, the due process requirements of the United States Constitution, as interpreted in Brady and its progeny, and the Rhode Island Constitution require the state to turn over information that “(1) constitute[s] either exculpatory or impeachment evidence and (2)[is] material to the outcome of the case or sentencing.” State v. Wyche, 518 A.2d 907, 909 (R.I.1986). In order to demonstrate that a Brady violation has occurred, a defendant has the burden of showing that “there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” McManus, 941 A.2d at 230 (quoting Cronan ex rel. State v. Cronan, 774 A.2d 866, 880 (R.I.2001)). However, the prosecution is not responsible for delivering information that is not within its custody or control. Wyche, 518 A.2d at 909.
At issue are thirteen police reports of the Warwick Police Department
With regard to the alleged Brady violation, there also was no evidence that the state possessed the reports prior to trial, or even that the state was aware of their existence. The trial justice performed a document-by-document review of all the police records, described each document in detail, and found that the statements were not exculpatory. He observed that defendant produced no evidence, nor was there any support in the record, that would indicate that the state deliberately failed to disclose the police reports. Further, the motion justice observed that a number of the incidents that were reported in the police statements also were referred to in the Kent Center and DCYF records, which pretrial counsel reviewed and copied. Accordingly, we hold that the trial justice did not err when he held that none of the information constituted exculpatory evidence that the state had an obligation to produce under Brady.
B
Jury Instructions
The defendant further contends that the motion justice failed to cor
The record in the present case is devoid of any evidence whatsoever that defendant raised an objection to the jury instructions.15 Indeed, before he instructed the jury, the trial justice met with the attorneys and asked whether “either attorney ha[d] any current objections to the proposed charge or any additions that they want [him] to consider,” or whether there were “any issues we need to discuss prior to bringing in the jury for purposes of final argument and charge.” Defense counsel replied, “No, Your Honor.” After he instructed the jury, the trial justice again asked the attorneys whether there were “any objections or requested additions to the charge that I‘ve given to the jury,” to which trial counsel responded, “neither an objection nor exception.” Because defendant did not object to the finalized jury charge, this argument has been waived on appeal, and we shall not consider it. See Hallenbeck, 878 A.2d at 1007.
C
Cross-Examination
Finally, defendant argues that the trial justice erred in limiting defendant‘s cross-examination of Jane about her refusal to undergo a physical examination in connection with her allegations of child molestation. Specifically, defendant argues that Jane‘s assertion that she did not want to be touched was manifestly untrue, based upon information available to defendant that her allegations first arose during a conversation with her mother about her sexual history. The state contends that defendant failed to adhere to the prerequisites of Rule 412 of the Rhode Island
“Inherent in a criminal defendant‘s constitutional right to confront witnesses against him or her—found in both article 1, section 10, of the Rhode Island Constitution and the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution—‘is the fundamental right of the criminal defendant to cross-examine his or her accusers.‘” State v. Rivera, 987 A.2d 887, 906 (R.I.2010) (quoting State v. Drew, 919 A.2d 397, 411 (R.I.2007)). This right to cross-examine, however “is not unbounded.” Id. (quoting Drew, 919 A.2d at 411). “[T]rial justices are accorded wide discretion to curtail cross-examination after there has been ‘sufficient cross-examination to satisfy the Sixth Amendment.‘” Rivera, 987 A.2d at 906 (quoting Drew, 919 A.2d at 411). This Court reviews “[a] trial justice‘s decision to limit the scope of cross-examination * * * for clear abuse of discretion; the decision will be overruled ‘only if such abuse constitutes prejudicial error.‘” Id. (quoting Drew, 919 A.2d at 411).
Significantly,
“If a defendant who is charged with the crime of sexual assault intends to introduce proof that the complaining witness has engaged in sexual activities with other persons, he or she shall give notice of his or her intention to the court and the attorney for the state. The notice shall be given prior to the introduction of any evidence of such fact * * *.” (Emphasis added.)
The statute and the evidentiary rule both require a defendant to provide notice, outside the presence of the jury, of his intent to inquire about the complainant‘s sexual activity with others. After notice is given, the trial justice “shall order the defendant to make a specific offer of the proof that he or she intends to introduce in support of this issue.”
In this case, the defendant failed to provide any notice either to the court or to the state before he sought to cross-examine Jane about her alleged previous sexual conduct. By prohibiting this line of inquiry, the trial justice acted completely in accord with his responsibilities in light of the statutory provision and the rule of evidence. Moreover, the record reveals that the defendant was permitted to engage in extensive cross-examination: counsel vigorously explored Jane‘s relationship with the defendant, her visits to his home, the three incidents of sexual molestation, and her refusal to allow an examination by medical staff after the assaults.16 Further, the trial justice found that Jane‘s “testimony regarding her refusal to consent to a gynecological examination may very well [have] lead to the jury‘s failure to agree on a verdict as to the count alleging sexual penetration, [but] the results of the examination, if any, would not have been probative as to the two counts of sexual contact.” He also found that Jane‘s “consensual sex with other children, if any, would have been irrelevant and therefore inadmissible,” and her unwillingness to have an “unfamiliar doctor examine her body‘s
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of conviction in this case. The record shall be returned to the Superior Court.
Justice INDEGLIA did not participate.
Notes
Also, we will refer to the attorney who represented defendant before trial commenced as “pretrial counsel,” the attorney who represented defendant at trial as “trial counsel,” and the attorney who argued the posttrial motions as “posttrial counsel.”
“A subpoena may also command the person to whom it is directed to produce the books, papers, documents, or tangible things designated therein. The court on motion made promptly may quash or modify the subpoena if compliance would be unreasonable or oppressive. The court may direct that books, papers, documents or objects designated in the subpoena be produced before the court at a time prior to the trial or prior to the time when they are to be offered in evidence and may upon their production permit the books, papers, documents or objects or portions thereof to be inspected by the parties and their attorneys.”
“If a defendant who is charged with the crime of sexual assault intends to introduce proof that the complaining witness has engaged in sexual activities with other persons, he or she shall give notice of his or her intention to the court and the attorney for the state. The notice shall be given prior to the introduction of any evidence of such fact * * *. Upon receiving such notice, the court shall order the defendant to make a specific offer of the proof that he or she intends to introduce in support of this issue.”
“I, Robert Burnham, have known [Jane‘s] family for about seven years. I dated [Jane‘s mother] for about five months several years ago. Since then I have been friends with her. Since I have lived in Warwick, approximately two years, I have had [Jane‘s mother]‘s children, [Jane‘s brother and Jane], sleep over on occasion. [Jane] slept over three times alone. The children did not sleep over together. The last time I remember [Jane] sleeping over was in January of 2006. My mother Marie went to work. She worked 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. on that night. I was alone with [Jane]. I started to have sexual thoughts about [Jane] after she went to sleep. [Jane] was sleeping in my mother‘s bedroom. I went into the bedroom wearing shorts and sat on the bed next to [Jane]. I found [Jane] attractive and looked at her while she was sleeping. I was aroused and had a hard-on. I rubbed my penis over my pants while watching [Jane]. I pulled [Jane]‘s shorts down just past her butt. I did not pull her underwear down. I put my hand on her thigh inside and rubbed it. I may have touched her vagina over her underwear with my hand. I was lying down next to her at that point and my penis brushed her leg under my pants. I did this for about 20 minutes, and I said, ‘I can‘t do this.’ I pulled [Jane]‘s pants up and left the room. I thought that she was sleeping. I could have penetrated her, but I did not. I did not touch her vagina with my penis. I did not insert my fingers in her vagina.
“On other times [Jane] has come on to me. She has asked me to rub her back and hair. I did this. I find [Jane] very attractive, and I wanted to have sex with her, but I could not get myself to completely do it. I found [Jane] different and I did not feel like that towards her brother. I know what I did was wrong and I feel very sorry for what I did. I never meant to hurt [Jane]. I ask[ed] Detective Grant to write this statement out for me because I am illiterate. I agree with this statement.”
“As you are aware, the defendant made statements to the police while he was in their custody. You may not consider those statements as substantive evidence, however, unless you are satisfied in the first instance that the State has demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence; that is to say, by a high probability, that before making those statements, the defendant had been advised of certain constitutional rights, the so-called Miranda rights; namely, that the defendant had a right to remain silent; that anything he said could and would be used against him in court; that he had the right to have an attorney present before and during any questioning by the police and that if he desired an attorney at that time and could not afford one, an attorney would be appointed for him.
“The State must also demonstrate from a totality of the circumstances that it is highly probable the defendant understood those rights and that thereafter he voluntarily wa[i]ved those rights in an intelligent and informed manner without threats or coercion or promises by the police.”