State v. RileyState v. Riley
- Reporters:
- , ,
- Before:
- Larson
The opinion of the court was delivered by
Larson, J.:Bobby D. Riley appeals‘his 23-month sentence for forgery, contending the trial court erroneously computed his criminal history score by- utilizing two other convictions to which he pled on the same day he pled to the forgery charge.
On August 19, 1994, Riley pled no contest to three offenses which arose out of three separate criminal cases. In case No. 93 CR 3193, he pled no contest to a charge of driving with a suspended license, a severity level 9 nonperson felony. K.S.A.- 1993 Supp. 8-262(a). In case No. 94 CR 555, he pled no contest to a charge of attempted aggravated battery, a severity level 9 person felony.
On September 13, 1994, Riley was sentenced for the three offenses. In the driving with a suspended license case, 93 CR 3193, Riley received a 15-month sentence based on a criminal history score of A, counting the forgery and attempted aggravated battery convictions as part of the criminal history. In the attempted battery case, 94 CR 555, Riley received a 15-month sentence based on a criminal history score of B, counting the forgery and driving with a suspended license convictions as part of‘the criminal history. In the forgery case, 94 CR 1100, Riley received a 23-month sentence based on a criminal history score of A, counting the attempted aggravated battery and driving with a suspended license convic*776tions as part of the criminal history. The sentences were ordered to be served concurrently.
In contending the trial court erroneously computed his criminal history score, Riley argues the trial court improperly included the convictions from the other cases to which he pled no contest at the August 19, 1994, hearing. Had the trial court not included the attempted aggravated battery conviction in his criminal history for the forgery conviction, Riley would have had a criminal history score of B and would have been subject to a maximum sentence of 20 months, absent a departure.
Whether the trial court correctly determined each conviction was to be included in the criminal history of each other conviction is a question of statutory interpretation, and our review is unlimited. See State v. Donlay, 253 Kan. 132, Syl. ¶ 1, 853 P.2d 680 (1993). The fundamental rule of statutory construction, to which all others are subordinate, is that the intent of the legislature governs if it can be ascertained. See State v. Gonzales, 255 Kan. 243, 248-49, 874 P.2d 612 (1994).
The issues Riley raises were recently decided contrary to his contentions in State v. Roderick, 259 Kan. 107, 259 P.2d 159 (1996), under the 1994 version of the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act (KSGA). In relevant part, Roderick provides in Syl. ¶ 4:
“The definition of ‘prior conviction’ inK.S.A. 1994 Supp. 21-4710(a) is not ambiguous. A ‘prior conviction’ includes multiple convictions entered on the same date in different cases for purposes of sentencing for any of those convictions.”
Thus, under the 1994 version of the KSGA, Riley s appeal would be meritless. Both parties rely on the 1994 version of the KSGA and the provisions unique to it. However, our review of the record reveals that Riley’s convictions were for acts occurring after July 1, 1993, but before July 1, 1994, and thus the 1993 version of the KSGA applies because “the fundamental rule is that a person convicted of a crime is given the sentence in effect when the crime was committed. See State v. Reed, 248 Kan. 792, 795, 811 P.2d 1163 (1991).” State v. Fierro, 257 Kan. 639, 649, 895 P.2d 186 (1995).
*777Additionally, the parties err in relying on the 1994 amendments because, if the 1993 act would have resulted in a shorter sentence, sentencing Riley under the 1994 act would be an ex post facto violation. An ex post facto violation occurs when a new law is retroactively applied to events that occurred before its enactment and the new law disadvantages the offender affected by it. Miller v. Florida, 482 U.S. 423, 430, 96 L. Ed. 2d 351, 107 S. Ct. 2446 (1987).
The Roderick court explained in part how the 1993 version of the KSGA was materially different from the 1994 version:
“The term ‘conviction event’ was defined atK.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4703(c) (the guidelines definition section) as
‘one or more felony convictions occurring on the same day and within a single court. These convictions may result from multiple counts within an information or from more than one information.’
“In 1994, the legislature deleted all references to conviction events from the guidelines (from 21-4703 in L. 1994, ch. 291 § 49; from 21-4720(b)(4) in L. 1994, ch. 291, $ 59). The legislature provided that the limits on the total sentence would apply to ‘multiple convictions arising from multiple counts within an information, complaint or indictment.’K.S.A. 1994 Supp. 21-4720(b)(4) . The legislature changed a same day, single court requirement to a same information or complaint requirement to invoke the double rule limit. The change was made for the purpose of ‘limiting the application of the “double rule” limit for consecutive sentence[s] to multiple [counts] in the same case rather than all counts for which the defendant was convicted at one time, regardless of whether from different cases.’ Kansas Report on Legislative Interim Studies, p. 116 (1993).” 259 Kan. at 114.
Therefore, although Roderick was not a “multiple conviction” case under
In addition, the
“The sentencing judge shall have discretion to impose concurrent or consecutive sentences in multiple conviction cases. In cases where consecutive sentences may be imposed by the sentencing judge, the following shall apply:
“(2) The sentencing judge must establish a base sentence for the primary crime. The primary crime is the crime with the highest crime severity ranking. . . .
“(3) The base sentence is set using the total criminal history score assigned.
“(4) The total sentence assigned for a current conviction event cannot exceed twice the base sentence. The. postrelease supervision term will reflect only the primary crime. Supervision periods will not be doubled.
“(5) Nonbase sentences will not have criminal history scores applied, as calculated in the criminal history I column of the grid, but base sentences will have the full criminal history score assigned.”
Because
As a “multiple conviction case” within the meaning of
Although the trial court did not follow the statutory methodology in determining Riley’s criminal history, it reached the correct result as to the criminal history score of the most serious charge, as- hereinafter explained. Since the sentence for the forgery charge constitutes Riley’s controlling sentence, we affirm the trial court. See State v. Cruz, 15 Kan. App. 2d 476, 481, 809 P.2d 1233, rev. denied 249 Kan. 777 (1991) (reasons given by trial court immaterial if ruling correct for any reason).
Our review of the 1993 version of the KSGA convinces us that all nonprimary convictions in existence at the time of the sentencing form part of the criminal history applied to the primary crime under the act.
“Prior convictions of the present crime, regardless of number, shall not be included in the criminal history score when they are elements or enhance the severity level of the present crime of conviction. All other previous convictions shall be included in the criminal history score.”
This statute makes clear that all “previous” convictions, with narrow exceptions, are part of the criminal history score. However, it does not say “previous” to what. It is not clear from this statute in isolation if the convictions are previous to the current conviction, the current sentencing hearing, or the current conviction event. The definition section of the KSGA,
“ ‘[cjriminal history’ means and includes adult felony, class A misdemeanor, class B person misdemeanor, or select misdemeanor convictions and comparable juvenile adjudications possessed by an offender at the time such offender is sentenced.” (Emphasis added.)
Relying on this language, the Court of Appeals has held that a conviction occurring in another county before the sentencing of *780the crime for which sentence was being determined is to be included in the criminal, history. State v. Chronister, 21 Kan. App. 2d 589, 596, 903 P.2d 1345 (1995).
The legislature is presumed to intend its enactments to be read literally, unless doing so would lead to absurd results. See Bank of Kansas v. Davison, 253 Kan. 780, 788, 861 P.2d 806 (1993); Todd v. Kelly, 251 Kan. 512, 515, 837 P.2d 381 (1992). Read literally, convictions of nonprimary crimes, because they are possessed by an offender at the time of sentencing for the primary crime, must be considered as part of the criminal histoiy for the primary crime.
Although the trial court does not appear to have followed this analysis, it reached the same result by including the two other convictions in sentencing Riley for the forgery conviction, thereby increasing his criminal history score from B to A. We conclude that Riley was not prejudiced. Because the forgery sentence determines the time Riley is to be incarcerated, it would be a futile action to require Riley to be resentenced for the two other crimes, which, although erroneously entered, have no effect on the time Riley is required to serve since all of the sentences were ordered to be served concurrently.
We specifically disapprove of the trial court’s application of Riley’s full criminal history to his nonprimary crimes. However, because the trial court correctly applied the proper criminal histoiy score to the controlling forgeiy sentence, the sentence is affirmed.
Affirmed.