7 Conn. App. 503 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1986
The defendant, Reginald Ridley, is appealing from the judgment rendered after his conviction by a jury of the crime of attempted robbery in the first degree in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-8, 53a-49 and 53a-134 (a) (4). He claims that the trial court erred (1) in refusing to charge the jury as requested with regard to identification testimony, (2) in refusing to grant a mistrial after the prosecution remarked during closing argument that the defendant failed to call an alibi witness, (3) in denying the defendant’s motion to equalize the number of peremptory challenges, (4) in denying the defendant’s motion to suppress the in-court identification, and (5) in denying the defendant’s motion for an opening statement.
We will discuss the defendant’s third and fifth claims of error first, as they deal with the court’s rulings on procedural matters. This was a joint trial of two defendants. The trial court, in accordance with General Statutes §§ 54-82g and 54-82h, allotted each of the defendánts eight peremptory challenges for a total of sixteen and allotted sixteen peremptory challenges to the state, thereby construing the statutes as allowing the state a number of challenges equal to the total collectively allowed to the defendants. The pertinent language in § 54-82g states that “[t]he state, on the trial
The defendant’s fifth claim of error is equally without merit. In this state, we have not established by statute, rule or practice a procedure which allows the defendant, in a criminal case, to make an opening statement to the jury. Nor has the right to make an opening statement been construed as one of constitutional proportions. “ ‘The Constitution requires no more than that trials be fairly conducted and that guaranteed rights of defendants be scrupulously respected.’ . . . We
We agree with the proposition set forth in these cases and hold that, in our jurisdiction, the right to make an opening statement to the jury by a defendant in a criminal case is not guaranteed by law or rule. Whether to allow an opening statement is a decision to be left to the sound discretion of the trial court, taking into consideration the number and nature of the charges, the complexity of the issues, the number of defendants and their interrelationship, and similar factors which, when put into proper perspective by an opening statement, would serve to clarify the issues and focus the attention of the jury upon the matters it must decide.
The defendant’s remaining claims of error require us to examine the facts of this case which the jury could reasonably have found to be as follows. On October 30, 1981, Detective James Harris, a West Haven police officer, was assigned to maintain crowd control during a high school football game at Quigley Stadium. At approximately 9 p.m., while investigating a complaint of suspicious activity occurring in the parking area on the Front Avenue side of the stadium, Harris observed three black males loitering in the parking area. Upon seeing Harris, the group disbursed toward Front Ave
That same evening, at approximately the same hour, Dean McKissick and Diane Arute, after parking their vehicle, were walking along Front Avenue towards the stadium to attend a football game when they were approached by three black males. One male, subsequently identified as Lafayette Ridley, seized McKissick while another unidentified male seized Arute. The third male, subsequently identified as the defendant, standing apart from the other assailants, drew a .32 caliber revolver from his jacket and said, “This is a stick-up.” McKissick resisted the robbery attempt and a fight ensued. Arute broke free and hailed a passing motorist who stopped and let Arute into the car. The three assailants fled and McKissick joined Arute in the vehicle. McKissick and Arute were driven to the parking area and immediately reported the incident to Harris. The incident lasted approximately seven to ten minutes and occurred in a lighted area.
Arute identified the black male who held the revolver as being sixteen to seventeen years old, five feet nine inches in height, with a short afro hair style, flat nose, Ml lips and wearing a dark colored ski jacket. She observed that another male, subsequently identified as Lafayette Ridley, was wearing light colored ski glasses and was approximately the same age as the defendant, but three to four inches taller.
On November 5, 1981, McKissick and Arute were called to the West Haven police department where they viewed three photographic arrays. Each array contained nine photographs of black males. McKissick identified a photograph of Lafayette Ridley as the assailant who initially seized him during the attempted robbery. Arute selected two photographs which she indicated resembled the individual who held the revolver during the incident. One of the photographs she selected was that of the defendant. On the following day, Detective Harris examined the same arrays and identified a photograph of the defendant as the individual he encountered in the Quigley Stadium parking lot prior to his investigation of the attempted robbery.
At the trial, both Arute and Harris positively identified the defendant as an individual whom they encountered on the night of the attempted robbery. The defendant’s motion to suppress the in-court identification by Arute, based on suggestive procedure, was denied.
The defendant testified on his own behalf and denied that he had participated in the attempted robbery, stating that, at the time of the incident, he was with his former girlfriend, Pearl Smith. He also testified that, at the time of the trial, Pearl Smith was residing in the state of New Jersey. During closing argument, the prosecutor stated to the jury that the defendant “could
In the defendant’s first claim of error, he takes issue with the court’s refusal to caution the jury, as he requested, of the dangers inherent in eyewitness identification testimony. The substance of the requested charge was that: identification testimony should be received with caution in that mistaken identification is not uncommon; the danger of suggestion is possible and that it is a matter of common knowledge; once a witness identified an individual, he is unlikely to change his testimony; and individuals belonging to one race have difficulty identifying individuals of another race. The requested charge also included a recitation of the reliability factors set forth in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 93 S. Ct. 375, 34 L. Ed. 2d 401 (1972). These factors “include the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witness’ degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness’ prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness.at the confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and the confrontation.” Id., 199-200.
Our Supreme Court has recognized that in appropriate identification cases it is preferable that the jury be charged regarding the dangers of misidentification. Whether the failure to make such an instruction would constitute reversible error, however, depends upon the circumstances of each case. State v. Tinsley, 181 Conn. 388, 394, 435 A.2d 1002 (1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S.
The factual circumstances here support the conclusion that the instructions presented this case adequately to the jury for a fair resolution of the issues. The eyewitness, Arate, was positive in her identification of the defendant as the holder of the revolver during the incident. She had the opportunity to observe the assailants for a period of between five and seven minutes, in an area which was illuminated by street lights. Moreover, her description of the defendant given immediately after the incident was confirmed in significant respects by her fellow victim, McKissick. Harris, who had observed the defendant from a distance of twenty feet just prior to the attempted robbery, was also positive in his in-court identification of the defendant. Harris’ corroborative testimony provides a sufficient basis to support the court’s refusal to grant the defendant’s requested charge on identification.
Furthermore, counsel for the defendant, focusing on the reliability factors enunciated in Neil v. Biggers, supra, 199-200, thoroughly cross-examined Arate on her ability to observe the defendant under the conditions which prevailed at the time of the incident. It is well recognized that extensive cross-examination of an eyewitness will obviate the need for specific cautionary instructions on the reliability of such identifications. See United States v. Montelbano, 605 F.2d 56, 59 (2d Cir. 1979); United States v. Marchand, 564 F.2d 983, 997 (2d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1015, 98 S. Ct. 732, 54 L. Ed. 2d 760 (1978).
The defendant in his second claim of error contends that the court erred in refusing to declare a mistrial after the prosecutor, during his closing argument, brought to the jury’s attention the failure of the defendant to call an alibi witness, whom the defendant testified he was with at the time of the incident. Following the prosecutor’s remarks, the defendant promptly objected and out of the presence of the jury moved for a mistrial. The court denied the motion, but at the defendant’s request instructed the jury to disregard the comment and to draw no conclusion with regard to his failure to call the witness.
It is the rule in Connecticut that “ ‘[t]he failure of a party to produce a witness who is within his power to produce and who would naturally have been produced by him, permits the inference that the evidence of the witness would be unfavorable to the party’s cause.’ ” State v. Watley, 195 Conn. 485, 488, 488 A.2d 1245 (1985), quoting Secondino v. New Haven Gas Co., 147 Conn. 672, 165 A.2d 598 (1960). When counsel for either party intends to argue that such an inference should be drawn, a ruling from the trial court should be sought and obtained. State v. Daniels, 180 Conn. 101, 113, 429 A.2d 813 (1980); see State v. Gonzalez, 197 Conn. 677, 680, 500 A.2d 1330 (1985). The prosecutor in this case failed to seek permission to argue for
The second alternative for sustaining the trial court’s failure to declare a mistrial is that the court’s prompt
The defendant’s fourth claim of error needs little discussion. The claim is that the trial court erred in not suppressing the victim’s in-court identification because it was based on suggestive police procedures. The
There is no error.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
The crimes for which the two defendants were tried fall into this category.
In civil trials, “[i]nstead of reading the pleadings, counsel for any party shall be permitted to make a brief opening statement to the jury in jury cases, or in a court case at the discretion of the presiding judge, to apprise the trier in general terms as to the nature of the case being presented for trial. The presiding judge shall have discretion as to the latitude of the statements of counsel.” Practice Book § 296.