(temporarily assigned) delivered the opinion of the Court.
The 2008 jury trial concerned an April 2006 sexual assault against K.M. The victim was a twenty-two-year-old prostitute who readily admitted that she had performed various sex acts with men other than the defendant the day of the alleged sеxual assault, but denied that she had consensual sexual relations with defendant. Defendant admitted that he had sexual intercourse with the victim but insisted that K.M. had consented. A jury found defendant guilty of third-degree criminal restraint, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:13-2(b); second-degree sexual assault, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(c)(l); and the disorderly persons offense of simple assault, in violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:12-l(a).
Although evidence of a defendant’s state of mind is relevant in a sexual assault prosecution when the pivotal issue is whether the sexual acts were consensual, great care must be taken to assure that state-of-mind evidence does not become the vehicle for communicating to the jury that the defendant has a propensity to commit the type of offense for which he is being tried. Here, the relevance of an alleged sexual assault three years before defendant’s encounter with K.M. was so marginal that it should have been excluded. Moreover, the erroneous admission of this other-crime evidence cannot be considered harmless. The quality and quantity of the other-crime evidence of a May 2003 uncharged sexual assault, introduced to inform the jury of defendant’s intent in April 2006, overwhelmed the case-in-ehief. Evidence of the 2003 alleged sexual assault had the clear capаcity to suggest to the jury that defendant had a propensity to commit sexual assaults on unwitting young women. Moreover, the scope of the evidence of the 2003 assault had the effect of bolstering a shaky identification of defendant by K.M., an effect underscored by a reference by the trial court to the 2003 victim’s identification of defendant as unequivocal in the jury charge. In this case, other-crime evidence of an earlier attempted
I.
A grand jury issued a four-count indictment against defendant Richard Willis in 2007. Defendant was charged with kidnapping, contrary to N.J.S.A. 2C:13 — 1(b)(1), (2) (Count One); aggravated sexual assault, contrary to N.J.S.A. 2C:14 — 2(a)(3) (Count Two); sexual assault, contrary to N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(c)(l) (Count Three); and aggravated assault, contrary to N.J.S.A. 2C: 12 — 1 (b)(T) (Count Four). The charges arose from the alleged sexual assault of K.M. in April 2006.
Prior to trial, the State informed the trial court and defense counsel that it would seek to introduce, pursuant to N.J.R.E. 404(b), evidence of an attempted sexual assault against another young woman, N.J., that had occurred three years before the alleged sexual assault against K.M. The State proffered that, in 2003, N.J. reported that defendant had offered her a ridе, drove her to a secluded location, choked her, groped her, and attempted to sexually assault her. The State noted that the central issue in its case was whether K.M. consented to sexual relations with defendant because the forensic evidence clearly established that they had engaged in sexual relations that evening. The State maintained that N.J.’s experience provided relevant and probative evidence of defendant’s intent when he encountered K.M.
Over defendant’s objection, the trial court concluded that the proposed testimony satisfied each prong of the Cofield 1 analysis. The court found that N.J.’s testimony was relevant, and that the acts alleged by N.J. were similar in kind and reasonably close in time to the incident involving K.M. The court found N.J. credible and that the probative value of her testimony outweighed any prejudice to defendant. Brushing aside defendant’s concern that the evidence would also bolster K.M.’s shaky identification of defendant, the trial court noted that a limiting instruction would restrict the jury’s consideration of the evidence.
The following evidence was adduced at the trial that commenced on May 13, 2008.
In April 2006, K.M. was twenty-two years old. She lived with her family in North Plainfield. She attended a methadone clinic but still used hеroin occasionally and crack cocaine regularly. K.M. earned the money to support her drug habit as a prostitute.
K.M. testified that on April 25, 2006, around 3:30 p.m., she walked from her home in North Plainfield to Plainfield to buy crack. She paid for the drugs with money she had earned by performing sexual services for several men that day. She could not recall the particular services she provided or the number of men with whom she had sex, but K.M. testified that she was sure the number of customers was “between one and five.” K.M. purchased crack, smoked “[a] little” of it, and also ingested some methadone and Xanax that day.
At approximately 10:00 p.m. that evening, K.M. was walking home alone from Plainfield to North Plainfield, when a passing vehicle that looked “like a black Navigator” pulled over next to her. K.M. approached the vehicle thinking that the driver was her friend “Pookie,” whom she knew from the methadone clinic she attended. As K.M. approached the open car window, the driver asked her if she was
According to K.M., she realized as she entered the front seat that the driver was not Pookie, but she remained in the car after the driver informed her that his name was Terrance and reiterated his offer to drive her home. K.M. agreed, and directed the driver to turn left. The driver, however, turned right.
K.M. recalled the driver saying that he was just going to talk and take her home. The driver asked K.M. if she did any drugs, and K.M. told him that she smoked crack. He then asked K.M. for sexual favors in exchange for crack. K.M. refused. K.M. recounted that the driver continued to drive around, and at that point, K.M. “had a feeling that something bad was going to happen.”
The driver drove to a poorly lit residential area, made a u-turn, parked, and turned off the engine. Hе grabbed KM.’s hand, took her cigarette out of her mouth, and burned her wrist with it. K.M. started to scream and pull away, but the driver took her head and put it into his lap. K.M. testified that the driver’s penis was out of his pants, although she did not see him take it out. She could see that he was not wearing a condom. 2 When the driver shoved K.M.’s head into his lap, she kept her mouth closed and grabbed his testicles and twisted them, hoping the driver would release her. The driver let go of K.M. and she sat up. The driver hit K.M.’s face with an open hand, causing her to hit her head against the front passenger window.
K.M. testified that she then realized that she was about to be raped. The driver climbed on tоp of her and pulled her pants and underwear down in spite of her resistance. K.M. tried to fight the driver off, but he put his penis inside her, causing her to cry. The driver also lifted K.M.’s shirt and kissed her breasts. When he rolled off her and pulled his pants up, K.M. adjusted her clothing and left the car as quickly as possible, leaving her purse in the car. As the driver drove away, K.M. screamed “rape,” and yelled towards the driver, “Hey, asshole, you got my pocketbook, you are going to get caught.”
K.M.’s screams attracted the attention of a nearby resident, who called the police. Before the police arrived, K.M. threw away about $20 worth of crack. The police arrived within three to five minutes after K.M. left the driver’s car.
Officer Craig Kennovin of the Plainfield Police Department testified that he found K.M. alone at the intersection of Johnson Avenue and George Street. K.M. was crying and appeared to be “pretty upset.” Officer Kennovin took her to Muhlenberg Hospital, but the hospital could not conduct a rape kit examination on K.M. that evening because she was too high from the drugs she had taken to give consent to the examination. While they were at the hospital, Officer Kennovin received a call from another officer that K.M.’s purse had been found. The pursе was returned to K.M. before she left the hospital. It contained a wallet without any money and several condoms.
At 2:00 p.m. the following day, a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner conducted a rape Mt examination of K.M. The nurse
A few days after the examination, K.M. spoke with a Plainfield Police Department detective. During this interview, K.M. denied that she worked as a prostitute. At trial, K.M. stated that her parents attended the interview and that she had denied worMng as a prostitute because of their presence, but the detective testified that K.M.’s parents were not present. K.M. also did not tell the detective that PooMe was a drug dealer, but admitted that she had taken drugs that night.
K.M. described the driver as “fat,” “dark complected,” with “braids or curly hair,” and a beard. She estimated his age as between twenty-nine and thirty-seven.
Almost a year after the alleged sexual assault, the detective who had interviewed K.M. obtained a photograph of defendant and prepared a six-photo photographic array. Although K.M. was unable to definitively identify defendant from the photos, she asked to sеe photo number three — defendant’s photo — a second time because he looked familiar. K.M. told the detective that she was trying to imagine what the man depicted in photo number three “looked like with braids.” She also told the detective that she could not be one hundred percent sure whether photo three depicted her assailant because “it happened a while ago, she was high, and it was dark outside, poor light.”
The detective obtained a court order for defendant’s DNA, and buccal swabs from defendant were sent to the State Police Laboratory. Defendant’s DNA was a match for the DNA found in the sеmen on the vaginal swab obtained from K.M. Based on that information, an arrest warrant was issued, and defendant was arrested on May 16, 2007. At the time of defendant’s arrest, he was forty-four years old, weighed 260 pounds, and had facial hair described by the investigating detective as a “goatee mustache sort of thing[.]”
Following the testimony of K.M., the responding police officers, and the nurse who conducted the sexual assault examination of K.M., the State presented the testimony of N.J. regarding a 2003 attempted sexual assault of her, which the trial court concluded was admissible as other-crime evidence pursuant to N.J.R.E. 404(b). N.J. testified that on May 9, 2003, she was in Plаinfield visiting her grandmother with her friend, Michelle. After the visit, at approximately 6:00 p.m., N.J. and Michelle returned to Michelle’s car, but the car did not start. They walked to a mechanic’s garage but discovered that it was closed. The two women attempted to find someone who could help fix the car or give them a ride to Piseataway. Michelle went inside a store, while N.J. stood outside. At some point, N.J. left the area with another friend, Scoop. As they were walking, a passerby blew his horn and pulled over. Although N.J. did not know the driver by name, she recognized him from the neighborhood. The driver told N.J. that his name was “Xavier.” After he agreed to drive N.J. to her sister’s house, N.J. entered his car. N.J. asked the driver what he was doing and he replied, “I’m out doing the devil’s work.”
Soon after, N.J. noticed that the driver was driving in the wrong direction and she asked him why he did not make the correct turn. The driver replied that he had to stop by his apartment. He eventually drove into a parking lot of an apartment complex and parked his car. The driver jumped over and started choking N. J., who was seated in the front passenger seat. N.J. tried to scream. The driver told her
At this point, N.J. bеgged the driver to let her “come up for air,” and stated, “If you let me get in the back, I can get some air.” N.J. climbed into the back seat, unlocked the car door, and escaped. As N.J. was leaving the car, a baseball bat and some CDs fell out of the car, which she picked up and threw back into the car. The driver then sped off.
N.J. testified that, soon thereafter, she encountered several of her husband’s Mends and described the man and his vehicle. They responded that they knew the driver and would find him. N.J. and the men got into a car and drove to Sixth Street in Plainfield. While they were in the car, they also called 9-1-1. Meanwhile, N.J. flagged down a passing police car. While N.J. was speaking to the police, she saw a vehicle driven by her assailant and identified the driver to the police.
The officers who encountered N.J. following the attempted assault also testified at trial. According to one of the officers, N.J. pointed to a passing vehicle and said, “That’s the guy, that’s the guy.” The officer and his partner pursued and stopped the assailant’s vehicle. Defendant was the driver of the vehicle.
Meanwhile, another officer took a detailed statement from N.J. She described her assailant, as well as the items in his car. After the interview, the officer placed N.J. in his patrol car, drove to the place where the other officers had stopped defendant, and approached defendant. The officer testified that defendant matched the description provided by N.J. He also observed the items described by N.J. in the backseat of defendant’s car. The officer testified that N.J. later identified defendant as her assailant.
Although defendant was arrested for attempted sexual assault, N.J. testified that she never heard from anyone from the Prosecutor’s Office thereafter. She explained that she had moved several times within New Jersey during that time, but had given her cell phone numbеr to the police. She thought that the authorities had not believed her and decided not to pursue the case.
Following N.J.’s testimony, the trial court instructed the jury that the evidence of the attempted sexual assault against N.J. was admitted “solely to show that the defendant had the intent to commit a sexual assault upon [K.M.]” The trial court also informed the jury that it could not use N.J.’s testimony to conclude that defendant has a tendency to commit crimes or that he is a bad person. The trial court reiterated that the evidence had been admitted “only to help [the jury] decide the specific question as to whether the defendant hаd a specific intent to sexually assault [K.M.]”
In the final charge to the jury, the trial court reiterated that the evidence presented by N.J. regarding the May 2003 attempted sexual assault was admitted “solely to show the intent of the defendant to commit a sexual assault against [K.M.]” The trial court also informed the jury that it could not use the evidence advanced by N.J. to conclude that defendant had a tendency to commit criminal acts. The trial court, however, also informed the jury that the identification of defendant as the person who sexually assaulted K.M. was a disputed issue in the trial and referred to N.J.’s testimony and her identification of dеfendant as her assailant in May 2003. The trial court stated:
The defendant as part of his general denial of guilt contends that the Statehas not presented sufficient reliable evidence to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that he is the person who committed the alleged offense.
Now the State has presented evidence ... of [K.M.] concerning the April 25th incident in '06 and [N.J.] for a different purpose but identification of the assault that occurred — allegedly occurred on the 9th of May, 2003.
Now you will recall that these witnesses identified the defendant — [N.J.] identified the defendant!;] [K.MJs identification was uncertain as the person who committed the offense.
Now, according to the witnesses, their identifications of the defendant w[ere] based upon the observations and perception^] that they made of the perpetrator at the time the offense was being committed.
It is your function to determine whether the witnesses’ identification of the defendant is reliable and believable or whether it is based on any mistake or for any other reason which is not worthy of belief. You must consider whether it is sufficiently reliable evidence upon which to conclude that this defendant is the person who committed the offense charged.
The jury found defendant guilty of third-degree сriminal restraint, second-degree sexual assault, and the disorderly persons offense of simple assault. The trial court imposed a ten-year term of incarceration with an eighty-five percent parole disqualifier for the sexual assault conviction and a consecutive four-year term for the criminal restraint charge. The court also imposed a concurrent term of six months’ incarceration for the simple assault conviction.
II.
In an unreported opinion, the Appellate Division affirmed defendant’s conviction but remanded for reconsideration of his sentence. The appellate panеl rejected defendant’s argument that the trial court should have excluded N.J.’s testimony of the May 2003 attempted sexual assault. The panel concluded that defendant’s intent was a material issue, that the circumstances of the assaults experienced by K.M. and N.J. were similar, that the three-year interval between the incidents was reasonably close in time, that the evidence provided by N.J. was probative of defendant’s intent regarding K.M., and that “the events described by N.J. were no more inflammatory than the events described by K.M.” The Appellate Division also dismissed defendant’s challenge to the identification charge delivered by the triаl court. In doing so, the panel remarked that identity was not at issue in the trial.
We granted defendant’s petition for certification.
State v. Willis,
218
N.J.
532,
III.
A.
The admission or exclusion of evidence at trial rests in the sound discretion of the trial court.
State v. Gillispie,
208
N.J.
59, 84,
This appeal focuses on the admission of other-crime evidence— specifically, the admission of a prior uncharged act of attempted sexual assault against a young woman who identified defendant as her assailant. N.J.R.E. 404(b) governs the admissibility of such evidence.
N.J.R.E. 404(b) provides:
[E]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the disposition of a person in order to show that such person acted in conformity therewith. Such evidence may be admitted for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity or absence of mistake or accident when such matters are relevant to a material issue in dispute.
Because evidence of a defendant’s previous misconduct “has a unique tendency” to prejudice a jury, it must be admitted with caution.
State v. Reddish,
181
N.J.
553, 608,
With those principles in mind, this Court, in
Cofield, supra,
established a four-prong test designed “to avoid thе over-use of extrinsic evidence of other crimes or wrongs” pursuant to a 404(b) exception. 127
N.J.
at 338,
1. The evidence of the other crime must be admissible as relevant to a material issue;
2. It must be similar in land and reasonably close in time to the offense charged;
3. The evidence of the other crime must be clear and convincing; and
4. The probative value of the evidence must not be outweighed by its apparent prejudice.
[Ibid.]
In this appeal, our review of the admission of the uncharged 2003 prior sexual assault of N.J. focuses on prongs one and four.
The first prong requires that “the evidence of the prior bad act, crimе, or wrong ... be relevant to a material issue that is genuinely disputed.”
State v. Covell,
157
N.J.
554, 564-65,
In
State v. Oliver,
133
N.J.
141, 155,
Tellingly, even in the cases in which the Court found that the trial court properly admitted other-crime evidence to prove the intent or state of mind of a defendаnt charged with sexual assault,
see, e.g., Stevens, supra,
115
N.J.
at 293, 305,
The fourth
Cofield
prong requires that the “probative value of the evidence must not be outweighed by its apparent prejudice.” 127
N.J.
at 338,
“[T]he party seeking to admit other-crimes evidence bears the burden оf establishing that the probative value of the evidence is not outweighed by its apparent prejudice.”
Reddish, supra,
181
N.J.
at 608-09,
TV.
The central issue in this case was not whether defendant and K.M. had sexual relations on the evening of April 25, 2006. The issue was whether the sexual relations were consеnsual. The N.J.R.E. 404(b) evidence permitted by the trial court concerned evidence presented by N.J., who testified that defendant attempted to sexually assault her in May 2003. Defendant had been arrested but never indicted for that incident.
We acknowledge that the assaults of K.M. and N.J. had certain common elements. Great care must be taken, however, whenever evidence of prior sexual assaults are introduced purportedly to illuminate a defendant’s state of mind to assure that such evidence cannot be used, even inadvertently, by a jury as evidence of a propensity to commit criminal acts. To that end, the logical connection between the prior bad act and the contested issue must be clear and strong. Here, the logical relationship between N.J.’s encounter with defendant three years before the assault of K.M. is marginal at best. Furthermore, the admission of evidence of the 2003 uncharged sexual assault caused undue prejudice to defendant. Indeed, as presented in this case, the prejudice attendant to this evidence overwhelmed its marginal probative value.
The trial proceeded over five days. The first day of trial consisted of jury selection and opening statements. The second day of trial consistеd of the testimony of K.M., the man who heard K.M.’s screams and called the police, the police officer who responded to the call for police assistance, the nurse who examined K.M. at the hospital, and the detective who interviewed K.M. The third day of trial was an abbreviated session 3 consisting solely of the testimony of the forensic scientist at the State Police Laboratory, who testified about the DNA analysis that established that defendant was the source of the semen found inside K.M. The fourth day of trial consisted of the testimony of N.J. and two of the Plainfield officers who assisted her and detained defendant in April 2003. In other wоrds, the other-crime evidence permitted in this trial consumed almost as much time as the evidence of the State’s case-in-chief. The State’s presentation of the other-crime evidence also appears to have proceeded on the premise that it was required to submit clear and convincing evidence of that prior uncharged criminal act. In a very real sense, N.J.’s other-crime evidence became a trial on N.J.’s allegation of attempted sexual assault by defendant within the trial of K.M.’s sexual assault.
We emphasize that
N.J.R.E.
404(b) is at base a rule of exclusion.
Marrero, supra,
148
N.J.
at 483,
The marginal relevance of a three-year-old attempted sexual assault against N.J. could nоt overcome the manifest prejudice of that evidence. It should not have been admitted. The error was compounded by the quality and quantity of the other-crime evidence introduced at trial that could have been interpreted by the jury only as evidence that defendant had a propensity to commit sexual offenses against young women he encountered on the street.
This appeal illustrates the restraint that must be exercised in the admission of other-crime evidence in sexual assault cases. It underscores the observation of this Court in
Oliver, supra,
that
“evidence of past acts to show present state of mind raises problems ... under
[N.J.R.E.
403] because the prejudice to defendant seemingly far outweighs the limited probative quality of that evidence.” 133
N.J.
at 156,
V.
The judgment of the Appellate Division is reversed.
For reversal — Chief Justice RABNER and Justices LaVECCHIA, ALBIN, PATTERSON, SOLOMON, and Judge CUFF — 6.
Not Participating — Justice FERNANDEZ-VINA — 1.
Notes
State v. Cofield,
127
N.J.
328, 338,
K.M. testified that she insisted her customers use condoms and carried a supply of condoms with her at all times.
The transcript of the State Police forensic scientist covers less than thirty-nine pages. Defense counsel did not cross-examine this witness.