89 So. 697 | La. | 1921
Lead Opinion
Statement of the Case.
This case, ordered up for review in the exercise of the supervisory jurisdiction of the court, presents the question whether the evidence adduced in a prosecution, under Act 189 of 1912, tried before the judge, without a jury, was sufficient to authorize relator’s conviction, and the refusal of the judge to grant a new trial.
The act in question makes it an offense for any parish officer, or subordinate officer, to draw any money, directly or indirectly, from the parish treasury, other than his fees, salary per diem, and mileage, or to deal in parish warrants, claims, or paper; and it appears that on April 28, 1921, three indictments were returned against relator, a police juror of ward 3, Calcasieu parish, charging him with having knowingly and willfully, on three several occasions, to wit, April 14, 1919, March 2, 1920, and May 4, 1920, drawn money from the treasury in violation of that act, the indictments as filed in the district court having taken the numbers 10331, 10330, and 10332 of the docket, respectively, and showing on their faces that the offenses charged in the indictments 10331 and 10330 had been committed more than a year before the indictments were filed, and hence that those prosecutions were, apparently, prohibited by section 986 of the Revised Statutes, which declares that—
“No person shall be prosecuted, tried or punished for any offense [certain felonies excepted] unless the indictment or presentment for the same be found or exhibited within one year next after the offense shall have been made known to a public officer having the power to direct the * * * prosecution.”
The prosecuting officer realizing the situation, in drawing the two indictments last mentioned, incorporated in one of them (No. 10330) the following allegation, to wit:
“That the statutory prescription of one year has not run against said offense for the reason that same was not made known to any officer, or officers, of the law, having the power or authority to direct public prosecution thereof, until on or about the 1st day of April A. D. 1921.”
In the indictment 10331 the name of the month (when the offense became known) does not appear in the last few words of the paragraph as above quoted, which read, “about the 1st day of A. D. 1921.” According to the minutes of the court, the three cases “were consolidated for the purpose of trial, and for
“Agreement between the state and defendants as to the'facts which form the basis of motion for new trial.
“It is admitted and agreed that Judge Jerry Cline, trial judge, who is now and has been district judge for more than four years, and Mark C. ■ Pickerel, assistant district attorney since October 15, 1919, were sworn, and testified, on the trial of the above numbered and entitled 'cases, that the offenses in which the state negatived proscription in the indictment had not been brought to their attention or knowledge before the dates of the finding of the bills of indictment.
“It is further admitted and agreed that Judge Winston O.verton, who was one of the two district judges (Judge Jerry Cline being the other), is a member of the constitutional convention, ' and, at the time of the trial, was temporarily residing in the city of Baton Rouge, and he was not summoned by the state to appear, and ho did not appear, as a witness.
“It is further admitted and agreed that J. Sheldon Toomer, ex district attorney, and Henry A. Reid, ex-sheriff, both residents of the city of Lake Charles, and holding their respective offices during the time alleged, were nqt placed-.on the stand as witnesses, by- the state, in the matter of negativing prescriptions; that the district attorney, Griffin T. Hawkins, Jr., who was. conducting the case for the state, was assistant district attorney until October 15, 1919, being.the date of his resignation, and did not testify in the ease.
“It is further admitted and agreed that, upon the resignation of Griffin T. Hawkins, Jr., as assistant district attorney, Mark C. Pickerel was appointed to that office and immediately thereafter a'ssumed the duties thereof.
“It is further admitted and agreed that the above ex-officer’s absence was not accounted for.” " '
The respondent judge, by way of answer, alleges, in substance, that the consolidation of the eases was not intended to change the law;' that he did not consider that the agreed statement excluded the remainder of the recordthat it is binding only as to the facts therein set out, and that, in passing upon the motion for new trial, based upon the allegation that the verdict is contrary to law and the evidence, he was bound to consider the entire record; that the question whether the allegations of the indictments negativing prescription were sufficiently sustained by the evidence was to be answered by the trier of the facts — in this instance, the judge — whose findings upon that point, from relevant evidence, is not subject to review either on appeal or otherwise; that, in holding that the negativing of prescription is an essential part of the charge (where, on its face, an indictment does not appear to have been returned within the prescription period), this court had no intention of interfering with the jury in the exercise of its function of determining whether the evidence adduced was sufficient to sustain that part, or any other part, of the charge; that any evidence tending to prove or disprove prescriptions was admissible, and any evidence. bearing upon that question was to bo considered by the court; that the direct testimony, though the most obvious, was not the only competent', evidence; and that the evidence adduced convinced the court that the officers had no knowledge of the commission of the offense charged until within a few days of the filing of the bills; that it was established that the police jury warrants, upon which the charges were based, were drawn by the accused in the form of statements of amounts due for road work in his ward; that they were approved by the claims committee, of which he was a member; that they were taken, with many others, to the treasurer’s office, and there numbered and listed; that they were, there, delivered to the accused; that the ostensible pas'ees were illiterate negroes who received, eventually, only a portion of the amounts of the warrants; that, by arrangement with the Calcasieu Bank, “tbe bank cashed the warrants for their holders, advancing to the parish the funds necessary, and holding the warrants until their subsequent redemption
Respondent then makes a comment upon a certain passage in the opinion of this court in the Bischoff Case, 146 La. 772,-781, 84 South. 41, to the effect that it was not thereby intended to make it imperative that all the officers mentioned should be called in order to negative a prescription apparent on the face of an indictment; and, after quoting a paragraph from the opinion on rehearing, in the same case, to the effect that the question there presented was not one of the sufficiency of the evidence, with which this court would he unable to deal, but a question' of exemption, vel non, from the obligation to offer any evidence at all, the return proceeds as follows:
“It is submitted that the evidence recounted is sufficient basis upon which a reasonable man might found a verdict; that the question raised by the writ is not one of law, but only of fact; that the fact has been determined and the finding is subject to review by your honorable court only in case it shall be found, in the exercise of tbe court’s supervisory jurisdiction, that the evidence is plainly inadequate to convince a man of reasonable judgment.”
Opinion.
The answer of the respondent raises a question of jurisdiction which' seems to take-precedence and will be first considered.
“Art. 179. * * * The jury in ail', criminal cases shall be the judges of the law and of the facts, on the question of guilt of innocence, having been charged as to the law applicable totbe case by the presiding judge.”.
“Art. 116. * * * All cases' in 'which tbe punishment may not be at hard labor shall * * * be tried by the judge, without a jury..
“Art. 85. The Supreme Court, except as hereinafter provided, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which jurisdiction. • shall ■ extend * * * ■ to criminal eases on questions. of law alone, whenever the punishment of death or-imprisonment at hard labor máy be inflicted, or a finding exceeding $300, or. imprisonment exceeding six months, is actually, imposed.” ,
“Art. 94. 'The Supreme Court shall have control and general supervision over all "inferior courts. The court, or any justice thereof, shall-have power to issue writs of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and other remedial writs.”
When, therefore, the state. undertakes to-prosecute under an indictment which, charges an offense committed more than.a year pri- or to its finding, it proceeds in violatipn of a prohibitory law, unless it makes allegation, that the offense was not made known, within the year, to any public officer having the power to direct the investigation . or . prosecution; and that allegation must be proved by the prosecutor, as well as made. State v. Bischoff, 146 La. 748, 84 South. 41. That tile question whether' it has been proved, in a given case, is one for the jury .to determine, seems to be well settled, as may be seen from the authorities referred to in the cited ease (146 La. 781 et seq., 84 South. 41). In other words, it is regarded as a question of .fact, to be determined by the jury. But where, as
We know of no law which defines “consolidation,” as applied to two or more criminal prosecutions, and are of opinion that the agreement to consolidate in this instance should not be so construed as to deprive either litigant, in either case, of any substantial right.
So far as we are advised, no attempt was made on behalf of the defendant to show that the history of the vouchers on which he is prosecuted had been other than as stated by the respondent judge, or that it could have been known, prior to their audit, and that, as audited, they constituted the evi-' donee of the offenses with which he is charged. As to the case No. 10382, it appears on the face of the indictment that the offense charged was committed within the year preceding the return of the indictment into court.
Upon the whole, we find no error in the ruling complained of, and it is therefore ordered and decreed that applicant’s demands be rejected and this proceeding dismissed at his cost.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring in the result). I dissented from the opinion in State v. Bischoff, 146 La. 748, 84 South. 41, in which it was held that the burden rested upon the state to prove that the commission of the ; offense charged was not. known to an officer having power to direct a public prosecution a year or longer before the indictment was found against the party accused. Section 986 of the Revised Statutes does not merely provide that a person shall not be convicted unless the indictment or presentment be found within the year after the offense shall have been known to a public officer having power to direct a prosecution. The statute declares that no person shall be prosecuted, tried or punished for any offense (with certain exceptions) unless the indictment or presentment be found or exhibited within the year after the offense shall have been made known to a public officer having power to direct a prosecution. Therefore a person indicted for a crime alleged to have been committed a year or longer before the indictment was found has a right to avoid being prosecuted or tried for the offense. To avoid prosecution or trial, he has the right to plead the prescription as a bar to the prosecution, and to have the question of fact as to whether the commission of the offense was made known to an officer having power to prosecute a year or longer before the offense is alleged to have been committed. Undoubtedly this plea in bar of a prosecution .is a plea of prescription or statute of limitation. It is referred to twice in the statute as “the prescription and exemption hereinabove provided.”
I concede that the defendant, in such case, may allow the question of prescription to be submitted to and decided by the jury. But, even then, I submit that the burden of proof would be upon the defendant to show by a preponderance of evidence that the commission of the offense was known to an officer having the power to direct a prosecution a year or longer before the indictment was found. If the burden of proof was upon the state to show that the commission of the offense was not known to a public officer hav
“It seems to us perfectly plain that the person who has acquired knowledge of a certain fact knows best when, where, and under what circumstances, the knowledge was acquired. For instance, the allegation in this case is that the knowledge was first made ^inown to an officer on the 29th day of January,' 1919. Why could not that fact have been proved? If the district attorney could be so precise in alleging it, why could he not prove it? The prosecuting officers must unquestionably know in every case when, from whom, and under what circumstances they first became informed of an offense having been committed. Why may they not make proof of those facts?”
The answer to that argument is obvious. All that any prosecuting officer knows, in that respect, is when, from whom and under what circumstances, he first became informed of an offense having been committed, lie does not know when, from whom or under what circumstances, any other officer might have been informed of the offense having been committed.
The reason why an indictment for an offense alleged to have been committed a year or longer before the indictment is found must contain the allegation that the commission of the offense was not made known to an officer authorized to prosecute a year or longer before the indictment was found is that that allegation is necessary to show a legal right to proceed with the prosecution or trial. If the averment is not controverted, either by a plea of prescription or by evidence offered on the trial, it is presumed to be true. The presumption is like the maxim, “Omnia rite acta.” The presumption is that all public officers who had the power to prosecute for the offense have done their duty, and that the reason why the indictment was not found within the year after the commission of the offense is that it was not then known to any officer having the power to direct a prosecution.
It was also said in the Bischoff Case that, reasoning from “a purely common sense view of the matter,” if the district attorney had offered any evidence at all to show that the commission of the offense was not made known to a public officer a year or longer before the indictment was found, this court would have been deprived of jurisdiction to review the question. I submit that that reasoning is altogether inconsistent with the idea that the state must prove that all public officers having power to prosecute were ignorant of the commission of the offense until a date within the year preceding the finding of the indictment. Any fact which the state is required to prove, as an element of guilt of the party accused, must be proved, beyond a reasonable doubt.
In the majority opinion in this case, from which I respectfully dissent, the question as to when the commission of the offense was first made known to a public officer is treated, as a question of fact pertaining to the guilt or innocence of the party accused; and it was so regarded in the Bischoff Case. It is a question of fact, but it has nothing to do-with the question of guilt or innocence'. That is why this court would have jurisdiction to review the evidence on the question of fact, as to when the commission of the offense was first made known to a public officer, if the plea of prescription had been filed as a separate plea, in bar of the right of the district attorney to proceed with the prosecu
I do not agree with the statement in the majority opinion in this case that this court has jurisdiction,to pass upon the sufficiency of the evidence offered on the question of who provoked the difficulty, or who committed the first overt act, in passing upon a plea of self-defense. In such case, we may consider the evidence merely to determine whether the pica of self-defense was an issue before the jury. If it was, then evidence of previous threats or difficulties, or of the dangerous character of the deceased, was admissible; but the evidence on that question pertains directly to the question of guilt or innocence of the party accused,'which question the jury alone must decide. The Constitution does not purport to deprive this court, or the trial judge, in a criminal prosecution, of jurisdiction to pass upon questions of fact upon which rulings are based and which do not pertain to the question of guilt or innocence of the party accused. For example, we pass upon questions of fact relating to the competency of jurors or witnesses ; questions of fact as to whether a declaration offered in evidence as a dying declaration was such; the question of fact as to whether the offense was committed in the parish in which the prosecution is attempted; the question of fact as to whether the accused is sane at the time he is put on trial. Such questions of fact have nothing to do with the question of guilt or innocence and are within the jurisdiction of this court. The question of fact as to whether the right of the state to prosecute or try the parly accused is barred by .the prescription of one year, under section 9S6 of the Revised Statutes, has nothing whatever to do with the question of guilt or innocence of the party accused. Article 179 of the Constitution declares merely that—
“The jury in all criminal cases shall be the judges of the law and of the facts on the question of guilt or innocence,” etc.
The article does not confer upon the jury authority to pass upon questions of fact which do not pertain to the question of guilt or innocence.
My opinion is that the confusion and ir- ' reconcilable conflicts that have crept into the jurisprudence of this court, upon the question of our having or not having jurisdiction to decide questions of fact in criminal cases, have resulted from a failure to observe the difference between those questions of fact which do and those which do not pertain to the question of guilt or innocence of the party accused. The failure to observe the distinction has resulted in some decisions which very clearly violate the plain language of the Constitution. The error ought to be corrected, not perpetuated.
I concur in the decree in this case because the defendant did not prove, by a preponderance of evidence, that the commission of the offense was known to an officer having power to prosecute a year or longer before the indictment was found.
Concurrence Opinion
concurs in the result, but hands down a separate opinion, maintaining that the burden of proof is upon the defendant who pleads “the prescription and exemption,” as it is called in section 9S6 of the Revised Statutes, to show, by a preponderance of evidence, the fact necessary to sustain the plea: the opinion being also that the question as to how long ago the offense was made known to an officer having the power to direct a public prosecution, although it is of course a question of fact, is not a question ■of guilt or innocence of the party accused, and is therefore within the appellate jurisdiction of this court.