33 Conn. App. 521 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1994
The defendant appeals from his conviction, after a jury trial, of criminal possession of a pistol or revolver in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 1991) § 53a-217 (a).
The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. On July 20, 1991, the defendant and Steven Carloto were involved in a dispute in Nanny Goat Park in Bridgeport. After a heated oral exchange, the two started wrestling on the ground. During this skirmish, Officer Robert Blanchard of the Bridgeport police department approached them and asked if there was a problem. Both the defendant and Carloto responded that they were only joking around. Blanchard then left, at which point the argument between the two resumed in earnest, culminating with the defendant’s shooting Carloto in the foot.
The defendant sought to show that Carloto brought the gun to the scene and, therefore, that the defendant was not guilty of criminal possession of a pistol or revolver. In support of this defense, the defendant claimed that he had taken the gun from Carloto just before Blanchard arrived and that it accidentally discharged when the two resumed wrestling after Blanchard left. Additional relevant facts are included in the analysis of individual issues.
I
The defendant first claims that the trial court improperly precluded him from cross-examining the victim concerning the damages he was seeking from the defendant in a civil action. The civil action arose out
“The sixth amendment to the [United States] constitution guarantees the right of an accused in a criminal prosecution to confront the witnesses against him .... The primary interest secured by the confrontation clause of the sixth amendment is the right to cross-examination. . . . Cross-examination is the principal means by which the believability of a witness and the truth of his testimony are tested. . . . The main and essential purpose of confrontation is to secure for the opponent the opportunity of cross-examination. . . . The denial or undue restrictions of the right can at times constitute constitutional error. ... To comport with the constitutional standards embodied in the confrontation clause the defendant in exercising his right of cross-examination must be allowed to expose to the jury the facts from which jurors, as the sole triers of fact and credibility, could appropriately draw inferences relating to the reliability of the witness. . . .” (Citations omitted; emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Milum, 197 Conn. 602, 608-609, 500 A.2d 555 (1985).
On cross-examination, Carloto testified that he had retained a lawyer to sue the defendant in order to get his bills paid and to be compensated for his pain and suffering. The defendant contends, however, that he was also entitled to expose the extent of Carloto’s pecuniary interest by cross-examination concerning the amount of damages Carloto was seeking.
“[A]s a general rule cross-examination of the prosecuting witness should be allowed to show the pendency,
“Cross-examination [to elicit facts tending to show] motive, bias, interest and prejudice is a matter of right and may not be unduly restricted.” State v. Milum, supra, 609; State v. Lubesky, 195 Conn. 475, 482, 488 A.2d 1239 (1985). “[Restrictions on the scope of cross-examination are within the sound discretion of the trial judge . . . but this discretion comes into play only after the defendant has been permitted cross-examination sufficient to satisfy the sixth amendment.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Gaynor, 182 Conn. 501, 508, 438 A.2d 749 (1980).
Here, the defendant was allowed to show that the victim had contacted a lawyer and had brought suit against the defendant for injuries arising from the same conduct that resulted in the criminal charges. The defendant elicited that the victim hoped that as a result of his civil action he would be reimbursed for his medi
II
The defendant’s next claim concerns his attempt to obtain immunity from prosecution for Antonio Gomes, whom he wanted to call as a defense witness. In an offer of proof out of the jury’s presence, Gomes asserted his fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination, whereupon the defendant sought a grant of immunity from the state’s attorney. The state’s attorney refused.
General Statutes § 54-47a
Following his lack of success at obtaining immunity for Gomes from the state’s attorney, the defendant moved that the trial court order the state to grant Gomes immunity or, in the alternative, that the court itself grant the immunity. The court denied both requests. Whether the court ordered the state to grant the immunity or granted it directly to the witness amounts to a direct grant of immunity by the trial court. The short answer to the defendant’s claim is that Connecticut case law clearly holds that courts have no authority to grant immunity to a witness. State v. McIver, supra, 567; State v. McLucas, supra; State v. Simms, supra, 211; State v. Watkins, 14 Conn. App. 67, 73, 540 A.2d 76, cert. denied, 208 Conn. 804, 545 A.2d 1102 (1988).
The defendant’s third claim implicates the declaration against penal interest exception to the hearsay evidence rule. He argues that the trial court improperly refused to admit into evidence exculpatory statements given to the defendant’s investigator by an unavailable witness. That witness, Gomes, was unavailable to testify because he invoked his privilege against self-incrimination. See State v. Mayette, 204 Conn. 571, 577, 529 A.2d 673 (1989); State v. DeFreitas, 179 Conn. 431, 452, 426 A.2d 799 (1980). The defendant asserts that the exclusion of that testimony, which directly contradicted Carloto’s claim that the defendant brought the gun in question into the park on the evening of July 20,1990, violated his constitutional rights to compulsory process, a fair trial and due process.
Gomes spoke with the defendant’s investigator on two occasions, three months and nine months after the Nanny Goat Park incident. The defendant sought to have the investigator testify that Gomes told him that he had given a .38 caliber gun to Carloto two days before the occurrence in question. The defendant posits that this would support the defendant’s testimony that Carloto introduced the gun into the altercation and that in a struggle over its possession it accidentally discharged.
In ruling Gomes’ declarations untrustworthy and therefore inadmissible, the trial court found that the statements were given a significant length of time after the occurrence and to a person with whom Gomes did not share a confidential relationship. Moreover, the court found that Gomes’ two statements lacked sufficient corroboration.
“A trustworthy third party statement exculpatory of the accused and against the penal interest of the
“Four considerations have been deemed relevant when examining the trustworthiness of declarations against penal interest: (1) the time of the declaration and the party to whom the declaration was made; (2) the existence of corroborating evidence in the case; (3) the extent to which the declaration is really against the declarant’s penal interest; [and] (4) the availability of the declarant as a witness. . . .” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 244-45. “No single factor in the test for determining trustworthiness is necessarily conclusive . . . the factors are reflective of the fact that there can be no precise formulation of the proof which would constitute sufficient evidence of the trustworthiness of such declarations.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Hernandez, 204 Conn. 377, 392, 528 A.2d 66 (1987).
We agree with the trial court’s determination, based on an analysis of the four factors outlined in Rosado, that Gomes’ declarations against penal interest were untrustworthy and therefore properly excluded from evidence. The state concedes that Gomes’ statements were against his penal interest
Under the first factor, the trial court found that Gomes’ statements were given a significant length of time after the occurrence in question. While this delay alone does not taint the trustworthiness of Gomes’ statement, the trial court properly viewed it as weighing against the reliability of his statement. State v. Mayette, supra, 578. Moreover, Gomes’ statements were not made spontaneously, but rather in response to direct questioning by the defendant’s investigator. Similarly, Gomes’ statements were not made to a person with whom he shared a close, confidential relationship, an important factor in a trial court’s assessment of trustworthiness. See State v. Payne, 219 Conn. 93, 115, 591 A.2d 1246 (1991); State v. Hernandez, supra, 392.
In assessing the second factor, the trial court correctly noted that since third party statements exculpating an accused are inherently suspect, any evidence corroborating the statements must clearly indicate the trustworthiness of the proffered statement. See State v. Rosado, supra, 249; State v. DeFreitas, supra, 450-51. In this case, the trial court explicitly found that while Gomes’ statements might corroborate the fact that Carloto allegedly possessed a gun when he entered the park, there was no evidence corroborating Gomes’ declaration that he gave the gun to Carloto.
We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding Gomes’ declaration untrustworthy and subsequently excluding those statements from evidence at trial.
IV
In his final claim, the defendant contends that the trial court incorrectly determined that under the pen-
The legislature has the authority to impose a mandatory minimum sentence for a specific crime. State v. Darden, 171 Conn. 677, 680, 372 A.2d 99 (1976). A trial court’s power to impose a particular sentence is defined by statute, and the constitution does not require that the judiciary be given discretion in sentencing. State v. Lopez, 197 Conn. 337, 353, 497 A.2d 390 (1985).
The defendant argues that the two year nonsuspendable minimum sentence is mandated only if the court first determines that a term of incarceration is an appropriate sentence. The defendant contends that General Statutes § 53a-217 (b) does not prohibit the court from imposing a fine or a conditional discharge. In this case, the trial court’s decision to incarcerate the defendant, rather than to impose a fine or conditional discharge, was based on the specific circumstances facing the court at sentencing. In its sentencing remarks, the trial court expressly stated that it was rejecting a fine because it would take money away from the defendant’s family.
In addition, the trial court indicated that the defendant’s fifteen prior convictions weighed very heavily in its determination of a proper sentence. It compared a person’s life to a bank account full of credits with every conviction’s being an expenditure of some of those credits. Because of the defendant’s numerous convic
Even if we agreed with the defendant that § 53a-217 (b) permits a court to exercise its discretion and to impose a sentence other than incarceration, this would avail the defendant nothing because the trial court affirmatively declared, “I think the sentence is appropriate. I am not sentencing him to something that I think is inappropriate.” In view of the sentencing comments, we cannot agree with the defendant’s argument that the trial court was of the opinion that it was bound by the statute to impose a mandatory period of incarceration.
Because we conclude that the trial court felt that the facts justified a term of incarceration, we do not reach the issue of whether General Statutes § 53a-217 (b) mandated a two year, nonsuspendable sentence. See State v. Carpenter, 19 Conn. App. 48, 51 n.1, 562 A.2d 35, cert. denied, 213 Conn. 804, 567 A.2d 834 (1989).
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
The jury found the defendant not guilty of assault in the second degree with a firearm and the lesser included offense of assault in the third degree.
General Statutes (Rev. to 1991) § 53a-217 provides in relevant part:
“(a) A person is guilty of criminal possession of a pistol [or] revolver . . . when he possesses a pistol [or] revolver . . . and has been convicted of [certain enumerated felonies]. . . .
“(b) Criminal possession of a pistol [or] revolver . . . is a class D felony, for which two years of the sentence imposed may not be suspended or reduced by the court.”
General Statutes § 54-47a (a) provides in relevant part: “Whenever in the judgment of the chief state’s attorney, a state’s attorney or the deputy chief state’s attorney, the testimony of any witness or the production of books, papers or other evidence of any witness (1) in any criminal proceeding involving . . . felonious crimes of violence . . . is necessary to the public interest, the chief state’s attorney, the state’s attorney, or the deputy chief state’s attorney, may, with notice to the witness, after the witness
The alleged transfer of the gun to the defendant was unlawful because Gomes admitted that his own possession thereof violated General Statutes § 29-35 (a).