Following a bench trial, defendant was convicted of 15 counts of encouraging child sexual abuse in the first degree, ORS 163.684,
We review the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal for errors of law, considering the facts and any reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the state to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Hall,
On August 14, 2007, Detective Wiltse, a computer forensics specialist for the Salem Police Department, remotely searched defendant’s personal computer and discovered multiple electronic recordings of “sexually explicit conduct involving a child” that were saved on the hard drive. On September 7, 2007, Salem police seized defendant’s computer during a warranted search of his home. Subsequent forensic analysis of the computer revealed that defendant had downloaded Internet-based file-sharing software, which allowed him to search and directly download files from other users’ hard drives. This is called “peer-to-peer” file sharing.
Wiltse initially accessed defendant’s hard drive using similar peer-to-peer file-sharing software. In his testimony at defendant’s trial, Wiltse explained how file sharing works: The searching user opens the file-sharing software and enters a query, which produces a list of matching files that are available for downloading from an online network of other file-sharing users’ computers. The user retrieves a desired file by double-clicking on the file name, which initiates a download. Downloading can be completed by individually double-clicking on each file name or by “highlighting” multiple files in a file list and then double-clicking once to simultaneously initiate multiple downloads. The act of downloading automatically copies the selected file (or files) onto the searching user’s hard drive.
Forensic analysis of defendant’s computer revealed that defendant had utilized the file-sharing software to search for and download hundreds of files, many of which contained recorded images of sexually explicit conduct involving a child. The forensic analysis also showed that, before his computer was seized, defendant had uninstalled the file-sharing software; however, a corresponding temporary folder had not been deleted. Using special software, Wiltse also accessed and searched the “unallocated space” of defendant’s hard drive and located files that defendant had previously deleted.
Based on 15 separate still images and movies recovered from defendant’s computer, the state charged defendant with 15 counts of encouraging child sexual abuse in the first degree, ORS 163.684.
During trial, the state introduced into evidence the names of hundreds of still image and movie files that had been downloaded and saved to defendant’s computer. Many of the file names contain words and phrases indicative of depictions of sexual activity involving a child. For example, many of the file names reported the age of the child depicted, e.g., “8yo,” the specific body parts, or types of sex acts depicted. Many of the file names contained words strongly indicative of child pornography, e.g., “kiddy,” “pedo,” “kdquality,” and “childlover,” and other less obvious indicators, such as the acronym “pthc,” which stands for “preteen hard core.” On cross-examination, Wiltse acknowledged that the name of a file does not always correspond to the contents of that file, and that even file names “which are strongly indicative that the file would contain child pornography” sometimes do not. The court viewed only the 15 electronic recordings recovered from defendant’s hard drive that formed the basis of the charges.
After the state rested, defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal. Specifically, defense counsel argued:
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: My position is that the duplication took place when he downloaded it, and at the time he knowingly duplicated or downloaded the materials, [defendant] might have possessed it then, whatever it was, but [defendant], until he opened it, didn’t know what was in it.
“THE COURT: You say it was duplicated before he had the culpable mental state, basically is what you’re telling me.
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: That’s what I’m saying.”
The trial court then denied the motion for judgment of acquittal.
Defendant subsequently raised a different contention in closing argument:
“Well, Your Honor, I’m not going to renew my motion for judgment of acquittal, but I do — I want to make a record of the fact that I’m not sure when the legislature passed this statute, that they envisioned that downloading from a computer via a peer-to-peer file sharing arrangement * * * is duplication, and I’m making that argument.”
The trial court found defendant guilty on all counts. The court reasoned:
“In [ORS] 163.6[65](4)[5 ] * * *, []visual depiction!’] includes a computer image. That’s exactly what we have. And they were — as undisputed, uncontroverted, once it was downloaded to the computer, that image was duplicated.
“Each instance of the downloading, previewing, and viewing these shared files constituted a revictimization of those children for which I do think that’s what the legislature intended to prevent * * *.
“It is uncontroverted that the acquisition of the images and movies required an affirmative act; that’s not disputed. And I find that it was a knowing, conscious and intentional act in each and every one of the 15 instances, and the State has carried its burden to prove the — all the charges and each and every element with respect to the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt[.]”
At sentencing, defendant argued- — as recounted in detail below,
On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal because the state failed to present sufficient evidence that defendant “knowingly duplicated” any visual recording of sexually explicit conduct involving a child, as prohibited by ORS 163.684. In that regard, defendant posits three related arguments: (1) downloading does not constitute prohibited “duplication”; (2) even if downloading does constitute duplication, the state’s proof of defendant’s scienter was legally insufficient because the state did not prove that defendant knew that double-clicking on a file name caused the file to be copied to his computer; and (3) further, the state failed to establish that defendant knew, at the time that he double-clicked on the file names, that the images that he downloaded contained depictions of sexually explicit conduct involving a child.
The state responds that defendant’s first two arguments are unpreserved and that, with respect to the third, the evidence supported the requisite inference as to defendant’s knowledge of the proscribed content of the images. We agree with the state for the reasons explained below.
To preserve an argument for appeal, the appellant must demonstrate that “the question or issue presented by the assignment of error timely and properly was raised and preserved in the lower court.” ORAP 5.45(4)(a). The appellant must have made the argument with sufficient particularity to allow the trial court to rule on the argument and correct any error. State v. Wyatt,
Defendant argues that the state failed to prove that defendant “duplicated” visual recordings as prohibited by ORS 163.684 because the legislature did not intend that mere downloading constitute prohibited duplication. In particular, defendant asserts that the legislative history of ORS 163.684 “makes it clear that it was intended to encompass those who ‘disseminate’ and ‘deal’ in child pornography,” and that, although downloading and saving an electronic image to a personal computer might amount to possession, downloading is not “duplication” under ORS 163.684.
At trial, defendant never argued that his computer-related conduct did not constitute duplication. Indeed, and to the contrary, the trial court record demonstrates that both parties and the court assumed that downloading constituted duplication. See, e.g.,
“Well, Your Honor, I’m not going to renew my motion for judgment of acquittal, but I do — I want to make a record of the fact that I’m not sure when the legislature passed this statute, that they envisioned that downloading from a computer via a peer-to-peer file sharing arrangement * * * is duplication, and I’m making that argument.”
(Emphasis added.)
In light of the consistent understanding during the preceding trial that downloading constituted duplication, we conclude that defense counsel’s parenthetical and ambiguous observation in closing argument was insufficient to raise and preserve his present contention for our review. State v. Urbina,
As noted, defendant also argues that the court erred in denying his MJOA because the state’s proof of scienter was insufficient in that it did not establish that defendant was aware that, as a practical matter, double-clicking on an electronic file name would copy the file onto his computer. Defendant did not make that argument below in support of his MJOA — and it is qualitatively different from the argument he did make — which pertained solely to defendant’s purported lack of knowledge of the content of the images. See
In his third and final argument pertaining to the denial of the MJOA, defendant reprises the challenge that he raised before the trial court — viz., that the state failed to produce sufficient evidence to prove that defendant knew, at the time of downloading, that each file contained a visual recording of sexually explicit conduct involving a child and that the creation of the recording involved child abuse. Defendant emphasizes Wiltse’s acknowledgement that the name of a file does not always correspond to the contents. The state remonstrates that the file names themselves demonstrate defendant’s awareness that he was downloading visual recordings of sexually explicit conduct involving a child regardless of whether each file image actually depicts what the file name indicates.
The state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant possessed the culpable mental state. ORS 161.095; ORS 136.415; State v. Williams,
“ ‘Knowingly’ or ‘with knowledge,’ when used with respect to conduct or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense, means that a person acts with an awareness that the conduct of the person is of a nature so described or that a circumstance so described exists.”
Here, the explicit titles of many of the files — which left nothing to the imagination — as well as their sheer volume — amply permitted a reasonable trier of fact to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant knew the downloaded files contained depictions of sexually
We turn to defendant’s second, overarching contention— that is, even if the denial of the MJOA was proper, the trial court erred in failing to merge the 15 guilty verdicts into one conviction. Each of the 15 counts on which defendant was found guilty involved the same statutory provision, ORS 163.684. As a general matter, with respect to a single criminal episode, criminal conduct that violates only one statutory provision will yield only one conviction unless the so-called “antimerger” statute, ORS 161.067, operates so as to permit the entry of multiple convictions. ORS 161.067 provides, in pertinent part:
“(2) When the same conduct or criminal episode, though violating only one statutory provision involves two or more victims, there are as many separately punishable offenses as there are victims. * * *
“(3) When the same conduct or criminal episode violates only one statutory provision and involves only one victim, but nevertheless involves repeated violations of the same statutory provision against the same victim, there are as many separately punishable offenses as there are violations, except that each violation, to be separately punishable under this subsection, must be separated from other such violations by a sufficient pause in the defendant’s criminal conduct to afford the defendant an opportunity to renounce the criminal intent.”
At sentencing, defendant argued that the verdicts on the 15 counts should yield a single conviction because (a) ORS 163.684 does not demonstrate a clear legislative intent to allow multiple convictions based on multiple victims and (b) the state failed to demonstrate the requisite “sufficient pause” between the charged violations. The state responded that merger was inapposite because each of the 15 images involved separate victims.
The trial court did not address the application of ORS 161.067(2) regarding the number of victims; instead, the court apparently relied on ORS 161.067(3) in imposing a separate conviction on each count. The court explained:
“I found and still find that when this suggested search term was placed, there was a menu of different files that required individual effort to separately open all of those, for which supported the charge of duplication, since it all came to the computer * * *.
“So they don’t merge, and that jumps me over to [ORS] 161.067, because * * * they are identical!,] essentially!,] allegations in each charge, and when someone is sentenced for the identical charges * * * — let’s get right to it and quote the statute — [‘]violated one statutory provision and involves only one victim,!’] but I don’t know that that one necessarily applies.
“I will find that there were discrete time frames from which a file was opened and then viewed and then moved to the next one, from which at any time conduct could have been stopped.
“The question really is: Was this one criminal episode or not one criminal episode ? And I guess what I’m saying here is that it was discrete episodes, one after the other at best, from the defendant’s perspective; at worst, it was something that was opened and enjoyed over time, which is the more likely conclusion based on the evidence before the Court.”
(Emphases added.)
On appeal, defendant asserts that the state failed to establish the “sufficient pause” required for purposes of ORS 161.067(3). The state responds that each of defendant’s offenses was separated from the other offenses by a sufficient pause. In addition, the state reiterates its position before the trial court that, in all events, ORS 161.067(2) precludes merger because the children depicted in the images are the “victims” of defendant’s violations of ORS 163.684 and, thus, there are multiple victims for purposes of ORS 161.067(2).
“[w]e review the trial court’s ruling for errors of law. ORS 138.220. Additionally, we are bound by the trial court’s findings of fact if there is constitutionally sufficient evidence in the record to support those findings. Our function is to decide whether the trial court applied legal principles correctly to those facts.”
State v. Watkins,
We begin with the trial court’s rationale — the “sufficient pause” rationale under ORS 161.067(3) — for denying merger. Defendant was found guilty of duplication, which, for the purposes of this case, was the act of downloading. The trial court determined that defendant individually opened and viewed each of the 15 images. The trial court was aware that, in order to view the image, defendant would have had to double-click on the image file name and that, as explained, double-clicking initiated a download. The court expressly found that between each download there was a period during which the “conduct could have been stopped” — and it was on that finding that its antimerger ruling was ultimately predicated.
However, that finding is unsupported by any evidence in the record. Rather, Wiltse’s testimony — the only testimony pertaining to the practical potential for a “pause”— demonstrated that all of the 15 files could have been downloaded concurrently, and the state offered no evidence supporting a reasonable inference that there was, in fact, a pause between the downloads of one or more of the files. See State v. Huffman,
In particular, Wiltse testified, ‘When I type in a keyword, what comes back to me is a list of file names * * *, but it’s not the files themselves. I have to actually double-click on the ones I want to download.” He had earlier explained,
“All I have to do as a user is simply double-click on the file name and the request gets sent out automatically to any computer that has that exact file that I’m requesting to download * * * and that file is written to my hard drive. * * * I now possess [a file] that I received from another set of file-sharing users.”
In another exchange, Wiltse explained that the process for deleting files is similar to the process of downloading in that a user can delete or download multiple files with one double-click. The trial court expressed its understanding in the following colloquy:
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: How long does it take to delete a whole bunch of files, say, 120 files?
“[WILTSE]: Seconds or even a fraction of a second.
“THE COURT: If you are smart enough, you would be like him, you would just highlight all of those and then hit ‘delete,’ like the same way you would copy them.
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Alright. But you’ve got a list of 120 files. Don’t you have to highlight 120 files? Don’t you just kind of hold it and it goes right down?
“[WILTSE]: You can do it that way, yes.”
Wiltse testified that it was not possible to determine when the images in the unallocated space were downloaded or deleted. Moreover, the files found in the unallocated space could have been originally saved in the temporary folder, so the files that support Counts 1 through 5 could have been downloaded with the files that support Counts 6 through 15 in a single double-click. Therefore, defendant could have downloaded each of the 15 files separately, or he could have downloaded all 15 simultaneously. Although we are bound by the trial court’s factual findings, there is a “complete absence of evidence” to support the trial court’s determination that each of the 15 images was downloaded (i.e., duplicated) separately — let alone with a sufficient pause between each download during which defendant could have renounced his criminal intent. See, e.g., Huffman,
The state argues, nevertheless, that nonmerger with respect to some, and perhaps all, of the counts can be independently justified under ORS 161.067(2). In that regard, the state posits that “[t]he children depicted in child pornography are victims both of the underlying sexual abuse and of the possession and distribution of the resulting child pornography.” (Emphasis in original.) The state further posits that, “ ‘because such activities, by their very nature, are abusive to children, it follows that a violation’ [of ORS 163.684] necessarily involves material ‘that is directly and inextricably connected with sexual abuse of children.’ ” (Quoting State v. Stoneman,
Defendant remonstrates that ORS 161.067(2) does not apply because ORS 163.684 is aimed at protecting children generally, not specifically, and, thus, the state is the sole victim. In so asserting, defendant notes that, to obtain a conviction under ORS 163.684, the state need not prove the identity of any particular child. Defendant further argues that, if the legislature had considered individual children to be the victims of the prohibited conduct, the legislature would have classified the offenses by the age group of the child depicted.
We agree with the state.
In considering the applicability of ORS 161.067(2), we must determine who is a “victim” for purposes of ORS 163.684. We reserved that question in State v. Betnar,
“The issue raised by the parties’ arguments is how many victims were involved in defendant’s crimes. That is, it is not clear whether — when multiple charges are based on images of different children — ORS 163.684 contemplates that there was one victim or more than one victim, or whether the statute is intended instead to promote the general welfare of children, rather than to address a criminal act committed against a particular person. Because ORS 163.684 is subject to all of the above interpretations, it is not clear which subsection of ORS 161.067, if any, governs the merger issue in this case. No Oregon case has addressed that issue, and the answer is not obvious.”
See also Urbina,
In State v. Hamilton,
“In analyzing whether a crime involves ‘two or more victims’ within the meaning of ORS 161.067(2), this court determines who qualifies as a ‘victim’ by interpreting the substantive statute defining the relevant crime. See State v. Glaspey,337 Or 558 , 561-63,100 P3d 730 (2004) (‘We conclude that ORS 161.067(2) uses the term “victims” to describe the category of persons who are victims within the meaning of the specific substantive statute defining the relevant offense.’). To do so, we examine the text of the pertinent statute in context, and then, to the extent we find it helpful, we consider legislative history proffered by the parties. See State v. Gaines,346 Or 160 , 171-72,206 P3d 1042 (2009) (after considering text and context, court considers any pertinent legislative history, giving it appropriate weight).”
We reiterated that inquiry, with some refinement, in State v. Moncada,
“[w]here the statute defining a crime does not expressly identify the person who qualifies as a ‘victim,’ the court examines the statute to identify the gravamen of the crime and determine the class of persons whom the legislature intended to directly protect by way of the criminal proscription.”
See also State v. Torres,
Following the framework laid out in Hamilton, we examine the text of ORS 163.684 to
“(1) A person commits the crime of encouraging child sexual abuse in the first degree if the person:
“(a)(A) Knowingly develops, duplicates, publishes, prints, disseminates, exchanges, displays, finances, attempts to finance or sells any photograph, motion picture, videotape or other visual recording of sexually explicit conduct involving a child or possesses such matter with the intent to develop, duplicate, publish, print, disseminate, exchange, display or sell it; or
“(B) Knowingly brings into this state, or causes to be brought or sent into this state, for sale or distribution, any photograph, motion picture, videotape or other visual recording of sexually explicit conduct involving a child; and
“(b) Knows or is aware of and consciously disregards the fact that creation of the visual recording of sexually explicit conduct involved child abuse.”
(Emphases added.)
The Supreme Court explained in Glaspey that the victim of a crime is, ordinarily, “a person who suffers harm that is an element of the offense.”
Additionally, although the legislature did not use the term “victim” to describe the child depicted, the repeated use of “involving a child” indicates that the purpose of the statute is to protect the child involved in the visual recording.
Defendant’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing. First, the fact that the state is not required to prove the identity of a child victim does not demonstrate that the child is not the victim of the prohibited conduct. Although the identity of the victim of a crime is often either obvious or ascertainable, the state is not required to prove the identity of the victim. See, e.g., Jones v. State of Oregon,
Finally, the fact that the legislature did not classify the offenses according to the age of the child depicted does not demonstrate, as defendant argues, that the legislature did not contemplate individual victims. The legislature’s definition of “child” in ORS 163.665(1)
We thus conclude that the “victim” for the purpose ORS 163.684 is the child — or children — depicted in the downloaded images that are the basis of the 15 counts on which the court rendered guilty verdicts. That, in turn, requires an idiosyncratic disposition. The trial court entered multiple convictions based on an erroneous rationale — which ordinarily would result in reversal and remand with direction to enter a single conviction and concomitant resentencing. See, e.g., Huffman,
Convictions on 15 counts of encouraging child sexual abuse in the first degree vacated; remanded with instructions to determine whether any counts merge pursuant to ORS 161.067(2) and entry of convictions, and for resentencing.
Notes
ORS 163.684 (2009) was amended by Oregon Laws 2011, chapter 515, section 3. We apply the 2009 version of the statute, which is the version that was in force when defendant committed the acts that form the basis of the allegations. Throughout this opinion, all references to ORS 163.684 are to the 2009 version.
Defendant raises other assignments of error, which we reject without discussion.
In State v. Ritchie,
“ ‘[U]nallocated’ space ‘is basically clusters on the hard drive that may or may not have information written to them. If there’s information written there, it is * * * a file that was deleted.’ * * * [W]hen a ‘file’ is created, the operating system ‘allocates’ the file to a certain location in the hard drive[.] * * * [A] master file table keeps track of that location, and * * *, when a file is deleted, the data in the file remains in the physical location that originally was allocated, but the master file table is altered to indicate that that location now is ‘unallocated,’ i.e., available to be overwritten by new files. * * * [Although files in unallocated space generally are not available to a user through ordinary means, they can be recovered with special forensic software * *
(Footnote omitted; first omission in original.)
ORS 163.684 provides:
“(1) A person commits the crime of encouraging child sexual abuse in the first degree if the person:
“(a)(A) Knowingly develops, duplicates, publishes, prints, disseminates, exchanges, displays, finances, attempts to finance or sells any photograph, motion picture, videotape or other visual recording of sexually explicit conduct involving a child or possesses such matter with the intent to develop, duplicate, publish, print, disseminate, exchange, display or sell it; or
“(B) Knowingly brings into this state, or causes to be brought or sent into this state, for sale or distribution, any photograph, motion picture, videotape or other visual recording of sexually explicit conduct involving a child; and
“(b) Knows or is aware of and consciously disregards the fact that creation of the visual recording of sexually explicit conduct involved child abuse.
“(2) Encouraging child sexual abuse in the first degree is a Class B felony.”
(Emphases added.)
ORS 163.665(4) (2009), amended by Oregon Laws 2011, chapter 515, section 1, provided, “ ^Visual depiction’ includes, but is not limited to, photographs, films, videotapes, pictures or computer or computer-generated images or pictures, whether made or produced by electronic, mechanical or other means.”
We note that that assumption is not inconsistent with State v. Barger,
Defendant does not attempt to invoke plain error — and, in any event, such an attempt would have been unavailing here. See Urbina,
Neither party has offered pertinent legislative history, and we are unaware of any precisely pertaining to this question.
In Stoneman, the Supreme Court observed that the statutory scheme that criminalizes encouraging sex abuse
“was aimed at preventing and punishing conduct — the subjection of children under 18 years of age to sexual exploitation for the purposes of visual recording. * * * [T]he legislative focus was not on the message or ‘substance’ of the [recordings] but, rather, on their undeniable relationship to the underlying acts of sexual exploitation of children.”