State v. Reed, 89 Mo. 168

State v. Reed

89 Mo. 168

Mo.

1886

Check Treatment

Black, J.

Rеed, the appellant, and Fredericks were jointly indicted for stealing a horse, the property of Gentry. Upon a trial in' the Cass circuit court appellant was found guilty and sentenced to two years imprisonment in the penitentiary.

1. The evidence of McDaniеl, a merchant, to the effect that he had sold Reed boots and shoes, and that the latter wore a number six, was properly reсeived;, other evidence that the tracks in the dust showed that the person who led the horse from the stable wore a boot or shоe ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍of that size made the evidence of McDaniel relevant. While the merchant was not positive and could only speak from 'his best recollections, still the evidence was competent. It had some tendency to identify the defendant as the person whо took the horse from the stable. State v. Babb, 76 Mo. 501. It was for the jurors to determine its value and consider it with the other evidence. Quaite, a witness for thе state was asked, on cross-examination, if he had not on a former occasion and at a specified time and plaсe made statements, giving them in full, contradictory of his evidence on the witness stand, and he said he had not. The defendant called witnessеs who testified that Quaite had made the alleged contradictory statements. The state, by way of rebuttal, recalled Quaite and hе was allowed, over the objections of the defendant, to give his version of what was said by him. The purpose of the cross-examinаtion of the witness was to lay a foundation to impeach his credit. In all such cases the attention oi *171the witness, as was done herе, must be called to the time, place and person involved in the contradictory statement. The object of this rule is that the witness may recollect and explain ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍what was said, and for the purpose -of making such explanatioh he may be recalled. 1 Green! Evid., sec.- 462. And for a like purpose he may be recalled by way of rebuttal. State v. Winkley, 14 N. H. 490.

2. The court gave five instructions which cover every issue presented by the pleadings and the evidence. The defendant asked no other or additional instructions, and made no objectiоn to those which were given on the trial, and for the first time, complained of them in the motion for new trial. The question is, therefore, prеsented whether these instructions ought to be reviewed here. The rule'is well settled in civil cases that exceptions must be saved to thе ruling of the court at the time the ruling complained of is made, and that it is not sufficient to make the objection for the first time in a motion for new trial. This rule applies to instructions as well as any other matter of exception. Randolph v. Alsey, 8 Mo. 656; Dozier v. Jerman, 80 Mo. 216; Houston v. Lane, 39 Mo. 495; Waller v. Railroad, 83 Mo. 608. It has also repeatedly been held that the same rules apply in criminal as in civil cases, ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍as to matters of exceptions, which become a part of the reсord only by bill of exceptions. State v. Connell, 49 Mo. 282; State v. Marshall, 36 Mo. 400; State v. Sweeny, 68 Mo. 96; State v. Ward, 74 Mo. 256; State v. Williams, 77 Mo. 310; State v. Burnett, 81 Mo. 121. In criminal cases in this court, no assignment of errors, or joinder in error, is required and it is made the duty of this court to proceed “and render judgment upon the record.” Sec. 1993, R. S. But this section has nothing to do with the method of' preserving questions in the reсord. Other sections of the Revised Statutes, 1879, provide that the practice in civil cases shall apply in criminal cases as tо empanelling jurors *172(sec. 1906), and compelling the attendance of witnesses, (sec. 1907). In prescribing the order of trials in criminal casеs, section 1908 provides: “Fourth the court must instruct the jury, in writing, upon all questions of law arising in the case, which are necessary for their informatiоn in giving their verdictand section 1921 is as follows : “ On the trial of any indictment, etc., for a criminal offence, exceptions to ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍any decisiоn of the court may be made in the same cases and manner provided by law in all civil cases ; and bills of exceptions shall be sеttled, signed, sealed and filed as now allowed by law in civil actions,” etc. It is manifest the fourth paragraph of section 1908, though appearing in the statutes for the first time in 1879, leaves section 1921 in full force. This section has been the statute law for many years.

Now, in the application of the general rules before stated and with these statutes in full force, it has been ruled that instructions are.not before this сourt for consideration where the motion for new trial is not incorporated in full in the bill of exceptions, though the instructions are contained therein. State v. Dunn, 73 Mo. 586; State v. McCray, 74 Mo. 303. So it was said in State v. Preston, 77 Mo. 294: “It is also insisted that the court erred in giving instructions. This objection cannot be considered by us, for the reason, ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍that it is not alleged in the motion for new trial that the court misdirected the jury.” The same ruling was made in State v. Emory, 79 Mo. 461, and in the case of State v. Bayne, 88 Mo. 604, it was held that two instructions, asked by the defendant and refused, would not be considered because exceptions were not taken at the time to the ruling of the court. It must follow that the instruсtions-given in this case cannot be reviewed.

III. A ground assigned for a new trial is that a juror, W. B. Reed, had previously formed and expressed the opinion that defendant was guilty of the *173charge made in the indictment. The affidavit of Mr. Wooldridge is that in a conversation with the juror just before the trial the juror said: “Prom what he knew and had heard he had both formed and expressed an opinion, and from his then knowledge and infоrmation he believed the defendant was guilty and that he would be in favor of sending him up for ten years.” The juror in his affidavit says he did have a cоnversation with Mr. Wooldridge at the depot, but he did not use the language attributed to him; that he said: “Prom what I have .heard, I do not believe I сan be one of the jurors, because if the evidence should turn out like I heard it was, I think he ought to be sent up for ten years.” He also states that he had never talked with any witness about the case ; that he had conversed with no one about the facts except his wifе and Wooldridge ; that his wife told him what she had heard from another lady, and that it was the information thus received from his wife to which he had reference in the conversation with Wooldridge. The juror was accepted as a competent juror without objection on thе part of the defendant, after an examination in open court, and with full knowledge on the part of the defendant’s attorneys, as to what had been said between the juror and Mr. Wooldridge. The juror’s affidavit is full, clear and bears evidence of candor. We conclude with the trial court that all the information the juror had, he received from mere rumor, and that he was without prejudice or bias. •

The judgment is, therefore, affirmed.

All the judges concur, except Henry, C. J., who dissents as to so much of the foregoing opinion as holds that the instructions cannot be reviewed for failure to make objection and ■ save exceptions thereto at the time they were given.