State v. PowellState v. Powell
Defendant, Johnny Powell, was charged by grand jury indictment with one count of second degree murder, a violation of
1. The trial court erred in denying his motion to quash.
2. The trial court erred in denying production of the rap sheets of two state witnesses.
3. The trial court erred in denying the defendant‘s instruction on negligent homicide.
4. The trial court erred in refusing to give instruction on how to determine the reasonableness of the defendant‘s actions.
5. The evidence was insufficient to support the convictions.
6. The convictions of both counts unconstitutionally punishes the defendant twice for one act and violates double jeopardy principles.
Because defendant expressly abandoned assignments of error numbers one and three in his brief, we will not address them.
FACTS:
On May 9, 1993, outside Jodice‘s Club on Scenic Highway in East Baton Rouge Parish, defendant and another man had pulled guns on each other. They were separated by Trade Variste. Defendant proceeded to the rear of the club and returned to the front as a passenger in an automobile, firing a gun numerous times from over the top of the vehicle. Onе of the bullets struck the victim, Bridgett Stewart, who bled to death as a result of the gunshot wound. The victim was pregnant at the time and the gestational age of the fetus, which also died, was estimated to be two months old. Defendant subsequently was arrested for the shooting after being identified by witnesses.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO:
In his second assignment of error, defendant contends the trial court erred in denying the production of the rap sheets of two state witnesses. Maintaining he should have been allowed to have copies of the rap sheets of two “key” witnesses, defendant argues he was denied a fair trial because exаmination of witnesses was limited to questions about “deals” made with the state and because he was refused access to evidence of pending charges which could have been used to attack the witnesses’ credibility.
At the beginning of trial, the trial court granted the state a hearing on a motion in limine to determine whether the defense
To preserve the right to appeal an erroneous trial court ruling, the objecting party must make a timely objection and state the specific ground of the objection. See
Moreover, we find the trial court‘s denial of defendant‘s request for witnesses’ rap sheets to be harmless error. In its reasons for not requiring production of rap sheets, the court relied on State v. Hooks, 421 So.2d 880 (La.1982). In Hooks, the supreme court stated the defendant is “almost automatically” entitled to a witness’ prior criminal records where the witness is a co-defendant or co-conspirator with the defendant on trial. However, the court stated that there was no reason to require the state to furnish the criminal records of “civilian” witnesses who were not connected with the perpetration of the crime. Hooks further explains the defense has no statutory right to request the witnesses’ criminal records from the state “even for the impeachment of the witnesses’ credibility” as it is “irrelevant” where all of the witnesses were only observers, not participants. State v. Hooks, 421 So.2d at 883.
Defendant argues State v. Brumfield, 546 So.2d 1241 (La.App. 1st Cir.1989), writ denied, 556 So.2d 54 (La.1990), recognizes the right to cross-examine a witness about pending criminal charges. Defendant argues he was refused access to evidence (rap sheets) which may have been used to attаck the witnesses’ credibility and that the trial court erred when it would not permit defendant to question state witnesses about charges pending against each of them.
In Brumfield, the defendant asserted the testimony he sought to elicit from a witness was not general bad character evidence but, rather, evidence to specifically show the witness was corrupted or biased. The Brumfield court found the failure to permit cross-examination of a state witness about pending criminal charges to allow defendant to show bias or interest was reversible error. However, in the instant case, the recоrd shows defendant gave general impeachment as the purpose for questioning the witnesses about pending charges. Defendant also stated he wanted to determine if the state and the witnesses had any “deals” involving the exchange of testimony for reduced sentences on any charges pending against the witnesses. The trial court allowed the defendant to ask about any pending “deals” but it would not allow defendant to have the witnesses’ rap sheets “absent a showing of a particular need... other than just general impeachment” or to question the witnesses about any pending charges “absent a showing of some special circumstances.” The court indicated it would have allowed questioning about the witnesses’ pending charges if defendant could give any specific reason for the questioning. Thus we find no merit in defendant‘s reliance on Brumfield.
Defendant cites State v. Laird, 551 So.2d 1310 (La.1989) as additional authority for his argument that he should have been given the rap sheets. In Laird, the supreme court stated:
The state should make available rap sheets on all state witnesses in its possession or available to it on its computer system.
In the case at hand, there was no indication whether the state was in possession of the witnesses’ rap sheets. The only evidence of pending charges in the record were the arrests that occurred the night before the hearing. There is no suggestion of other pending charges and defendant does not assert there are any, but merely speculates there may have been other charges. It is
We note the state was not informed prior to the hearing on the motion in limine of defendant‘s intention to ask these witnesses about the arrests. Also, the state asked Tracie Variste about her previous convictions, and on cross-examination, defense counsel questioned both Variste and Dunn about deals or agreements each may have had with the state. Both denied having made any. Therefore, we find defendant was not prejudiced by the denial of copies of Variste‘s and Dunn‘s rap sheets and any error which may have resulted was harmless.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER FOUR:
Defendant contends the trial court erred in refusing to give an instruction on how to determine the reasonableness of the defendant‘s actions. Specifically, defendant contends his youth was an important factor in determining the reasonableness of his actions and that he timely requested this particular factor be included in the trial court‘s jury instructions. Because his requested charge was an accurate statement of law not covered by other parts of the jury charge, defendant сlaims the trial court should have permitted its inclusion. Defendant‘s written request for instructions included this charge:
In determining whether Johnny Powell acted reasonably under the circumstances you must take into consideration all the circumstances surrounding the events, including his age.
The state and defendant have the right to submit special written charges for the jury.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER FIVE:
In his fifth assignment of error, defendant contends there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions. Because we find merit in defendant‘s assignment of error number six, we limit discussion of this issue to defendant‘s conviction of second degree murder.
In order to challenge a conviction on the basis of insufficiency of the evidence, defendant should proceed by way of a motion for рost-verdict judgment of acquittal. See
Although defendant admits he fired a gun and caused the victim‘s death, he contends he did not possess the necessary specific intent element of second degree murder because there is no evidence he was able to see anyone standing in front of the club when he shot the gun or that he aimed the gun at anyone.
Second degree murder is the killing of a human being:
When the offender has a specific intent to kill or to inflict great bodily harm....
Specific intent is that state of mind which exists when the circumstances indicate the offender actively desired the proscribed criminal consequences to follow his act or failure to act.
In the present case, Trade Variste testified that on the night of May 9, 1993, she was at a club known as Jodice‘s on Scenic Highway. She had gone there with some friends, including Paulette Dunn. She stated that at approximately 1:00 a.m, she, the victim, Dunn, and two girls named Gwenella and Earline went outside the club. Standing outside talking, they observed groups of males also standing outside. One of the males was defendant. Variste knew the defendant and also identified a man known as “Puppy,” although she testified she did not know his real name. According to Variste‘s testimony, defendant and Puppy stared at each other, then bumpеd into one another. Puppy pulled out a gun, which Variste believed to be an automatic. In response, defendant pulled his gun. Variste stood between the men and told them to leave. Puppy went into the club while defendant, still outside, proceeded to the rear of the club.
Defendant subsequently returned to the front of the club as a passenger in a station wagon, pulled his gun out and started shooting. According to Variste‘s description, defendant was standing through the passenger side window and shooting over the top of the car. The car was not going very fast and defendant shot when the car was in front of the club. Variste explained during the shooting she was standing by the victim and Dunn was in the doorway of the club with Puppy. She stated defendant was wearing a red tank top. Defendant finished shooting and the car sped away. Variste testified when defendant was shooting, Puppy tried to move Dunn out of the way. She did not see whether Puppy shot at defendant but she said she did not see anyone shooting from the club toward defendant.
On cross-examination, Variste stated the shooting occurred immediately after defendant‘s confrontation with Puppy. She was not really sure where the bullets came from, and specifically did not know whether any of the bullets came from the direction of the club because she was trying to get out of the way. Although Variste acknowledged she had been drinking that night, she stated she was not drunk.
Paulette Dunn‘s testimony was in conformity with Variste‘s, although she also stated defendant was shooting straight and not into the air. Dunn testified that she was standing by Puppy and he did not shoot a gun but was trying to flee from the shooting.
Dunn positively identified defendant as the person she saw shooting a gun. She explained that he held the gun with two hands and shot into the crowd of people in front of
Glendoria Derson testified that on the night of May 9, 1993, she was at the Club also. She tried to go outside at about 1:30 a.m. but could not because a man was blocking her path at the door. She heard the man shout, “I‘m going to burn me a m* * * * * f* * * * * tonight.” The man had a gun in his hand. She identified exhibit S-41 as being similar to the gun he had. She stated the man was wearing a red tank top with dark colored pants. After he shouted, the man then walked through the club and out the back door. As she was walking to her car, shooting began. On cross-examination, Derson stated she did not see anyone else standing in the doorway at the time she heard the man shout the aforementioned statement.
Officer Kenneth Holmes of the Baton Rouge City Police Department testified he secured the crime scene. He stated there was a street light at the location of the crime scene.
Officer Richard Cochran, also of the Baton Rouge City Police Department, testified he investigated this crime. He gathered .45 and.44 shell casings from the street and the gravel. He identified a photograph of a red shirt found at a home on Hollywood Street, which was later determined to be the house оf defendant‘s mother. He testified exhibit S-41 was a .45 pistol.
Joseph Rawls, an investigator with the East Baton Rouge Parish District Attorney‘s Office, testified he unsuccessfully attempted to locate the individual named Puppy. Patrick Lane, accepted as an expert in the field of firearms identification, testified that exhibit S-41 was a .45 pistol. He also identified three casings and a bullet found at the crime scene as having been fired from that particular pistol.
Officer Ben Odom of the Baton Rouge City Police Department testified he also investigated the crime scene. He found three .45 shell casings in the “fаr lane” of Scenic Highway. He talked to a friend of the victim who gave him defendant‘s name as a suspect and took him to defendant‘s house. Officer Odom subsequently arrested defendant after the officer observed defendant leaving the house in a car with his mother and another male. The officer stopped the car and, after determining defendant‘s mother was the owner, obtained her consent to search. Officer Odom found a bag containing a .45 automatic handgun in the car. Defendant‘s mother also consented to a search of her home on Hollywood Street wherе a red tank top was found. Odom stated when defendant was stopped while in his mother‘s car, the car was proceeding in a direction opposite from the police station. On cross-examination, Odom explained the lighting on Scenic Highway was bright and there was dim lighting in front of the club. A witness told Odom that a number of shots were fired from the street and not from the club.
Dr. Alfredo Suarez, accepted as an expert in the field of pathology, testified the victim bled to death as a result of the gunshot wound she sustained to her abdomen.
Defendant testified in his own defense. He stated that on the night of May 9, 1993, hе went to Jodice‘s Club. He stood outside the front of the club talking to Variste when a friend of his stepped on Puppy‘s feet. Puppy pulled out a gun so defendant pulled out his .45 pistol. Variste separated them and no gunshots were exchanged at this time. Defendant stated he did not know Puppy. Defendant, still outside, walked to the rear of the club and got into a car with someone named Winkie. They drove to the front of the club where he saw Puppy standing in the doorway shooting a gun in the direction of the car. The defendant admitted he hung out of the car‘s window as described by the witnesses. However, defendant stated that he did not see anyone in front of the club, only gunshots coming from the doorway of the club. He claimed two bullets hit the car in which he was riding. According to defendant‘s testimony, Puppy fired the first shot and he shot back. He described that he was shooting into the air and not at anyone in particular. He was “shooting just to get away,” and because Puppy shot at him. According to defendant‘s testimony, he thought
Defendant testified he knew the victim and did not have anything against her. He did not think he had shot anyone until his mother advised him that he had killed the victim and that he should turn himself in to the police. He and his mother were in route to his grandmother‘s house to call the police to tell them he was on his way to turn himself in when he was stopped by the police. Defendant denied wearing a red tank top to the club that night. He said he was not trying to shoot or kill anyone.
On cross-examination, defendant admitted going to the club and seeing Puppy, the victim, Dunn, and Variste at the club, and that the .45 automatic handgun he carried was the gun he used in the shooting. According to defendant, Puppy had a .25 automatic handgun and defendant pulled his gun only after Puppy put a gun to the head of defendant‘s friend. Defendant explained hе got into the car after Variste separated him and Puppy and he was calm at that point. After they drove in front of the club, Puppy shot first. Defendant claimed Puppy shot his gun five or six times.
Defendant stated he held the gun in his right hand and was not looking into the crowd when he shot. Defendant said when Puppy started shooting he did not really think the shots were going to hit him. According to defendant, he shot in self-defense because Puppy shot first. Defendant testified he was not in fear of Puppy hurting him and admitted that he did not believe he was in danger of being killed. After the shooting, defendant sped away in the car with his friend. He conсeded he did not call the police even though someone had been shooting at him.
Defendant acknowledged the first two statements he gave to the police about the incident were not true. He stated that when he rode in front of the club he did not see anyone except for Puppy standing at the door shooting. Defendant conceded the casings from his gun were found in the southbound lane of Scenic Highway. He admitted that if someone aiming a loaded gun pulled the trigger the person at whom it was aimed would get shot. Defendant said he did not point his gun at any people and did nоt think the bullets would hit anyone. He admitted the red shirt the police found at the house was his shirt.
A specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm can be inferred from a shooting which occurs at a fairly close range. See
The evidence presented at trial indicates defendаnt shot his gun more than once from a slow moving car into a crowd of people. Defendant was not shooting into the air or into another direction in order to frighten the people. Although he claimed he did not see anyone in front of the club, there is sufficient evidence to support a finding that just prior to the shooting defendant was talking to people standing in front of the club. This finding is further supported by testimony that there was lighting in front of the club.
We find a specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm can be inferred from the circumstances of the shooting. After a careful review of the entire record, we conclude a rational trier of fact, viewing all of the evidence, both direct and circumstantial, as favorable to the prosecution as any rational fact finder can, could have determined beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant was guilty of second degree murder.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER SIX:
Defendant‘s final contention is the convictions of second degree murder and second degree feticide unconstitutionally punish him
The grand jury indictment states with regard to count two that defendant “committed second degree feticide of the unborn child of Bridgett Stewart by killing the child while engaged in the perpetration of a felony or an intentional misdemeanor directly affecting the person.” Although the indictment does not indicate the underlying charge, at a hearing on the defendant‘s motion to quash the indictment1 the state asserted it would rely on the second degree murder of the mother as the underlying felony for the charge of second degree feticide.
Both the Louisiana and the United States constitutions prohibit placing a person twice in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offense.
In Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932), the United States Supreme Court held that where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one is whether each provision requires proof of an additional fact which the other does not.
Louisiana uses both the “Blockburger” test and the “same evidence” test. See State v. Steele, 387 So.2d 1175, 1177 (La. 1980). The Louisiana Supreme Court explained the “same evidence” test in State v. Steele, 387 So.2d at 1177, as follows:
If the evidence required to support a finding of guilt of one crime would also have supported conviction of the other, the two are the same offense under a plea оf double jeopardy, and a defendant can be placed in jeopardy for only one. The test depends on the evidence necessary for conviction, not all the evidence introduced at trial.
The “same evidence test” is somewhat broader in concept than Blockburger, the central idea being that one should not be punished (or put in jeopardy) twice for the same course of conduct. [Citations omitted.]
In the case now before us, defendant was charged with one count of second degree murder in violation of
Defendant likens
In the instant case, the death of Stewart‘s unborn child occurred due to the death of Stewart. Because the state was using the murder as the underlying felony for feticide to prove defendant was guilty of feticide, the state also had to prove that defendant was guilty of second degree murder. The same evidence used to convict defendant of second degree murdеr was also used to convict defendant of second degree feticide.
Courts are often called upon to adhere to constitutional principles which must be honored to clearly and impartially apply the law. This is true regardless of how offensive a defendant‘s conduct may appear when viewed from a moral perspective. A defendant is entitled to all the protections of rights created by both the United States and Louisiana constitutions. In applying the “same evidence” test, we find defendant‘s convictions of second degree murder and second degree feticide violate his right against double jeopardy. See State v. Smith, 647 So.2d at 1326.
In State ex rel. Adams v. Butler, 558 So.2d 552, 553-554 (La.1990), the Louisiana Supreme Court noted the general rule when a double jeopardy violation is found is to vacate the conviction and sentence for the less severely punishable offense, affirm the conviction for the more severely punishable offense, and remand the case for resentencing with the restriction that the new sentence imposed for the single remaining conviction cannot be more severe than the total of the original sentence imposed. However, we find this approach tо be unnecessary here because for his conviction of second degree murder, the defendant received the mandatory sentence of life in prison. Therefore, we find no need to remand for resentencing of a mandatory sentence.
PATENT ERROR:
Under the authority of Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 920(2), this court routinely reviews appellate records for patent error. After reviewing the record, we have discovered a patent sentencing error; the trial court failed to give the defendant credit for time served for his conviction of second degree murder. See
CONCLUSION:
For the reasons stated herein, we vacate the defendant‘s conviction and sentence for second degree feticide because it violated the statе constitutional ban against double jeopardy. We affirm the defendant‘s conviction and sentence for second degree murder.
CONVICTION AND SENTENCE OF SECOND DEGREE MURDER AFFIRMED; CONVICTION AND SENTENCE OF SECOND DEGREE FETICIDE VACATED; REMANDED WITH ORDER.