68 So. 83 | La. | 1915
Defendant appeals from a verdict finding him guilty of murder without capital punishment, afid from a sentence condemning him to serve at hard labor in the penitentiary’ for the term of his natura] life.
Defendant made part of his bill of excep
It is well settled that a party unfavorably affected by an improper question must object thereto, and invoke a ruling upon his objection, before the, witness has answered the question. It is too late to object after the answer has been made. And if he fails to object and provoke a ruling of the court on his objection, he cannot reserve a bill of exceptions to be reviewed by the appellate court. There is no ruling to be reviewed.
“The exception serves a double purpose. It makes clear that the party unfavorably affected by the ruling is not satisfied but takes issue; and it sums up and preserves the precise terms of the ruling for the purposes of appeal. Both of these are indispensable. Neither of them is attained by the objection alone. Yet the -distinction between objection and exception tends to become confused, and in judicial opinions tie rules for exceptions are sometimes spoken of when the rules for objections are really being dealt with. But their functions are distinct. No matter how plain and correct the objection, the exception is still necessary, even though the objector and the exce-ptor be the same party.”
Bill of exceptions No. 2: This bill is similar to the first. While another witness was on the stand, he was asked a direct question, which he answered; whereupon counsel for defendant said, “I raise the objection again, the district attorney must not repeat all that the witness áays,” and the court ruled, “I cannot see any objection to it in this instance,” and a bill of exceptions was reserved. An examination of the record sustains the ruling of the court to the effect that “the question had been asked and answered before any objection was made.” It was too late to object and invoke a ruling of the court after an answer had been given. It appears that the prosecuting officer repeated something which the witness had testified to in order to call the attention of the witness to the fact that he had so testified, for the purpose of taking up the examination from that point. The ruling was correct.
“We object on the ground that anything that the father did outside of the presence of the accused cannot be binding upon him.”
Whereupon the court, addressing the jury, said:
“I charge you, gentlemen, that, unless anything that took place at that house is connected with the direct and full knowledge of the accused in this case, the testimony is not admissible. It has to be connected with him and brought to his knowledge, otherwise it is not evidence.”
Thereupon the remark complained of was made, and it is as follows:
“We will connect it up; there is no doubt about its connection.”
Thereupon counsel declared:
“We object to the statement of the assistant district attorney before the jury, and reserve a bill of exceptions.”
Bills of exceptions can only embrace those exceptions which are reserved to the ruling or decision of a judge on -the trial of a cause before him. As there was no ruling invoked by counsel for the defendant to the remark referred to, the bill of exceptions is incomplete, and cannot be considered. The trial judge made no ruling, and there is nothing before the court to be reviewed.
*943 “The prisoner at the bar is permitted by law to testify in his own behalf. If he exercises this privilege he is governed by the same rules, in testing his credibility and the correctness of his statements, as every other witness. You have to believe or disbelieve him just as he impresses you as to the truth and veracity of his testimony.”
The charge is unobjectionable. It is in line with the law as contained in Act No. 41, 1904, p. 77, to the effect:
“That the circumstances of the witness being a party accused, or being jointly tried, shall in' no wise disqualify him from testifying; that no one shall be "compelled to give evidence against himself; and provided that if the person accused avails himself of this privilege, he shall be subject to all the rules that apply to other witnesses, and may be cross-examined as to all matters concerning which he gives his testimony; and provided further that his failure to testify shall not be construed for or against him, but all testimony shall be weighed and considered according to the general rules of evidence, and the trial judge shall so charge the jury.”
The law makes it the duty of the judge to charge the jury that the testimony of the accused “shall be weighed and considered according to the general rules of evidence,” and that is what the trial judge did, in substance, in this case.
The judge did not proceed to charge the jury that they should take into consideration the interest which the accused had in the result of the trial in considering his testimony; and the decisions in the cases of' State v. Carroll, 134 La. 965, 64 South. 868, State v. Smith, 135 La. 427, 65 South. 598, and State v. King, 135 La. 117, 64 South. 1007, are without application.
“In cases of sudden affray or conflict a homicide is not excusable on the ground of self-defense, unless the accused retreats as far as he safely can in order to avoid the violence of the deceased, and the necessity to take his life. If he fails to do this, the homicide would be manslaughter at least.”
The bill proceeds to say:
“Now, be it further remembered that, the court in its general charge having presented such principles of law as heretofore recited, in order to correct the same, as will be found in the record, counsel for defendant requested the court to deliver a special charge to the jury that if the jury believe from the evidence that the accused was attacked, and if from the nature of the attack his retreat would only endanger his life, then he 'had a right to stand his ground and repel the assault, which was imminent, and-which threatened his life and person.”
The court, in its per curiam, says that:
The above-quoted paragraph “was only a part of my charge to the jury. They were charged by me that if the assault was so fierce as to endanger his life or his person by retreating, and his only safety is to kill his adversary, this he may do in defense of his person. They were also instructed that if á man who is not in fault is suddenly assaulted by another, who intends to kill him, or inflict upon him great bodily harm, he is not bound to retreat at all, but may stand his ground and kill his assailant, if there be a reasonable necessity to save his life, or to protect his person.”
The statement of the judge is sustained by reference to the charge of the court as contained in the transcript. That portion of the charge not referred to in the bill is in line with the special charge asked for, and quoted above, and defendant has no ground for complaint. Several paragraphs contained in the charge to the jury, on the plea of self-defense, entirely cover the law with reference thereto.
Bill of exceptions No. 6: The court refused to give the following special charge:
“If the jury find from the evidence that the deceased threatened the accused with his life, or of doing him some great bodily harm, and that they met, and from the actions, motions, and hostile demonstrations of the deceased the accused was induced to believe, and had reasonable ground to believe, that the deceased was about to do him serious bodily harm, and was about to carry Ms threats into execution, the accused had a right to defend himself, even by killing his assailant, if necessary, to protect himself, and the jury should acquit, although it should afterwards appear that there was no such design on the part of the deceased.”
The requested charge was refused by the judge because “there is no evidence of threats in this case.”
The entire record is before the court. It therein appears that, while defendant was on the stand-as a witness, he testified that he
“We object to the state cross-examining along that line; it was not brought out on the direct examination as to whether his life was threatened, and the state can only cross-examine the defendant on what has been brought out on direct examination.”
Since evidence of threats was not brought out on the direct examination of the witness, there were no threats testified to, and the special charge requested was properly refused.
After stating to the trial court that there had been no evidence by defendant that his life had been threatened, defendant’s counsel argue that a certain exculpatory statement made by the accused at the time of his voluntary surrender on the evening of the homicide had been introduced in evidence by the district attorney, that it contained a statement that he (the accused) had been told by some one that certain negro boys would run him (the accused) and another negro; that this negro and one of the boys had a fight; and those boys then went out where they lived and told the boys that “whenever they laid their eyes on us that they were going to kill us.” But, as has just been shown, when the accused was being examined as to this or a similar statement, his counsel objected that no evidence of threats had been testified to by the accused; and the objection was sustained by the court, and no evidence was introduced along that line.
This exculpatory statement does not appear to have been offered by the prosecution to prove threats, and it does not prove threats. It is a statement of the defendant as to how the difficulty had occurred; and the state properly introduced such statement in evidence that it might be contradicted, in order to show the jury that the defendant did not give a true statement of the difficulty at the time he made it. State v. Aspara, 113 La. 940, 37 South. 883; State v. Donelon, 45 La. Ann. 744, 12 South. 922.
Counsel also refer in argument to the testimony of Green, a colored man who was in the company of the accused at the time of, or immediately preceding, the homicide. This witness testified that one or more boys said to him that they were after the accused; but it appears that he did not communicate that threat to the accused. On the contrary, he testified that the accused heard the boys, or one of the boys, say it to him immediately before the killing. It was therefore a part of the res geste. It was not a previous threat, communicated to the accused, who had been led to believe thereby that his life or limb might be in danger. From an examination of the record, which contains all the evidence, we conclude with the district judge that there was no evidence of threats given in the case.
“If the jury find from the evidence that the deceased threatened the accused with his life, or of doing him some great bodily harm, and that they met,” etc.
It is not worded to meet the statement of facts which has been recited. The special charge requested must have been corrected to apply to the testimony adduced on the trial of the case. It is well settled that a trial judge is not compelled to give a special charge which is not so worded as to cover the testimony in, and law applicable to, the case.
Bill of exceptions No. 7: This last bill is taken to the refusal of the court to give to the jury a special charge with reference to the law of self-defense where the accused was attacked by the deceased, and that it
“If the assault is so fierce as to endanger his life or person by retreating, and his only safety is to kill his adversary, this he may do in defense of his person. But, if a man who is not at fault is suddenly assaulted by another who intends to kill him or to inflict upon him great bodily harm, he is not bound to retreat at all, but be may stand his ground and kill his assailant, if there is a reasonably apparent necessity for so doing to save his life, or to protect his person.”
This portion of the charge on the l<aw of self-defense, taken together with the other portions on the same subject-matter contained in the charge of the court, correctly gave the law of self-defense to the jury.
Judgment affirmed.
