308 S.E.2d 296 | N.C. | 1983
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Reginald Stanley POLK.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
*298 Rufus L. Edmisten, Atty. Gen. by Robert L. Hillman, Asst. Atty. Gen., Raleigh, for the State.
Adam Stein, Appellate Defender by Marc D. Towler, Asst. Appellate Defender, Raleigh, for defendant-appellant.
BRANCH, Chief Justice.
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence certain statements made by Laney Partin and Michael Peebles. Defendant maintains that these statements were hearsay and did not fall within the exception applicable to statements made by co-conspirators because the State had not shown that a conspiracy existed at the time the statements were made.
The rule governing the admission of co-conspirators' statements is that once the State has made a prima facie showing *299 of the existence of a conspiracy, "the acts and declarations of each party to it in furtherance of its objectives are admissible against the other members." State v. Conrad, 275 N.C. 342, 348, 168 S.E.2d 39, 43 (1969). Prior to considering the acts or declarations of one co-conspirator as evidence against another, there must be a showing that:
(1) a conspiracy existed; (2) the acts or declarations were made by a party to it and in pursuance of its objectives; and (3) while it was active, that is, after it was formed and before it ended.
Id.; State v. Tilley, 292 N.C. 132, 232 S.E.2d 433 (1977).
Defendant contends that the State's evidence was insufficient to make a prima facie showing that a conspiracy existed at the time Partin's and Peebles' out-of-court statements were made. He argues that there is insufficient evidence that defendant had any involvement until he appeared to retrieve Ms. Williams' purse, and therefore, any statements made prior to that time were inadmissible. We disagree.
First, it is well settled that a conspiracy "may be, and generally is, established by a number of indefinite acts, each of which, standing alone, might have little weight, but, taken collectively, they point unerringly to the existence of a conspiracy." State v. Whiteside, 204 N.C. 710, 712, 169 S.E. 711, 712 (1933). In order to make out a prima facie case, the State must produce "sufficient evidence to authorize, but not necessarily compel" the jury to find that a conspiracy existed. 2 Brandis on North Carolina Evidence § 201 (2d Rev.Ed.1982).
A review of the above-stated facts leads us to conclude that there was ample evidence to permit, but not compel, the jury to find that a conspiracy to commit the sexual assaults against Ms. Williams was formed among defendant, Peebles and Partin. These three men were in the Fast Fare parking lot drinking when they observed Ms. Williams enter the parking lot. Shortly thereafter, Peebles went to her automobile and was quickly joined by Partin. Peebles entered the automobile and after he left, Ms. Williams discovered that her keys were missing. Partin knew that Peebles had taken the keys and Partin enticed the victim into going with him on the pretext of recovering the keys. As Partin and Ms. Williams walked away from the service station lot and up Bailey Drive, defendant appeared and followed them. Partin then forced the victim to go to the church steps where all three men took part in sexual assaults upon the victim.
These facts would permit a jury to reasonably infer that the three men had agreed to commit sexual assaults upon Ms. Williams, had agreed on the manner in which she would be carried to a secluded place and agreed upon the location of the place where the crimes were to be committed.
The trial court properly admitted into evidence the statements made by the co-conspirators. This assignment is overruled.
We note that, upon defendant's objection to the admission of this evidence, the trial court conducted a voir dire hearing and heard the proposed testimony. The court found facts and concluded that the State had established the existence of the conspiracy and that the challenged statements were admissible as statements of co-conspirators. Because of the nature of a conspiracy, the State can seldom establish a prima facie case of conspiracy by extrinsic evidence before tendering the acts and declarations of the conspirators which link them to the crimes charged. Therefore, our courts often permit the State to offer the acts or declarations of a conspirator before the prima facie case of conspiracy is sufficiently established. Of course, the prosecution must properly prove the existence of the prima facie case of conspiracy before the close of the State's evidence in order to have the benefit of these declarations and acts. State v. Tilley, 292 N.C. 132, 232 S.E.2d 433; State v. Conrad, 275 N.C. 342, 168 S.E.2d 39; State v. Jackson, 82 N.C. 565 (1880). If inadmissible statements are admitted and it develops that a case of conspiracy has not been shown, then upon *300 proper motion the trial judge may strike the evidence of declarations or acts of the co-conspirators or grant a defendant's motion for judgment as of nonsuit if there is insufficient evidence to take the case to the jury without the aid of such declarations or acts. 16 Am.Jur.2d, "Conspiracy," § 38 (1979); State v. Thompson, 273 Minn. 1, 139 N.W.2d 490, cert. denied, 385 U.S. 817, 87 S. Ct. 39, 17 L. Ed. 2d 56 (1966).
If the trial judge finds that the prima facie case has been shown, the declarations and acts of the conspirators are admitted and the case is sent to the jury with proper instructions. Of course, if he so chooses, the trial judge may, at any point in the trial, conduct a voir dire hearing in order to determine whether the evidence makes out a prima facie case of conspiracy for purposes of admitting the acts and declarations of co-conspirators in furtherance thereof.
Defendant assigns as error the failure of the trial court to dismiss the charge of first-degree sexual offense. He argues that the evidence showed only that he aided and abetted in that offense.
The trial judge submitted the charge of first-degree sexual offense solely on the theory that defendant acted in concert with, or aided and abetted, Peebles and Partin in their commission of a first-degree sexual act.
G.S. 14-27.4(a) defines first-degree sexual offense and provides in pertinent part:
§ 14-27.4. First-degree sexual offense. (a) A person is guilty of a sexual offense in the first degree if the person engages in a sexual act:
* * * * * *
(2) With another person by force and against the will of the other person, and
a. Employs or displays a dangerous or deadly weapon or an article which the other person reasonably believes to be a dangerous or deadly weapon; or
b. Inflicts serious personal injury upon the victim or another person; or
c. The person commits the offense aided and abetted by one or more other persons.
It is well established that a person who is present and aids and abets another in the commission of a criminal offense is as guilty as the principal perpetrator of the crime. State v. Keller, 268 N.C. 522, 151 S.E.2d 56 (1966). This Court has also held that, under our first-degree sexual offense statute, an aider and abettor of a sexual offense is guilty of a first-degree sexual offense or nothing at all. State v. McKinnon, 306 N.C. 288, 293 S.E.2d 118 (1982); State v. Barnette, 304 N.C. 447, 284 S.E.2d 298 (1981). Under the statutory scheme, a person who commits a sexual act "with another person by force and against the will of the other person," and who also is "aided and abetted by one or more persons" is guilty of a first-degree sexual offense. An aider and abettor is as guilty as the principal offender, and thus an aider and abettor of any sexual offense ipso facto becomes guilty of a first-degree offense. Id.
It is evident that the Legislature, by its enactment of G.S. 14-27.4(a)(2)(c), chose to include in the more serious first-degree categories those sexual offenses which involved aiders and abettors and to subject to a harsher penalty those who participated in gang assaults, regardless of the actual role of the participant. G.S. 14-27.4. See G.S. 14-27.2 (first-degree rape). In so doing, the Legislature acknowledged the increased severity of rapes and other sexual offenses committed by persons acting in concert.
A California court, addressing its statute on rapes committed by parties acting together in concert, observed that the purpose of the provision was "to provide increased punishment where there is a gang sexual assault and to insure that those who participate in such assaults, either by personally engaging in the ultimate sexual act or by voluntarily helping others to accomplish it, receive the enhanced punishment." People v. Calimee, 49 Cal. App. 3d 337, 341, 122 Cal. Rptr. 658, 660 (1975). Another California *301 court summed up the legislative purpose succinctly:
Rape is never very funny and one-on-one rape is hardly a laughing matter. However, it is even more reprehensible when committed by two or more persons.
People v. Lopez, 116 Cal. App. 3d 882, 886, 172 Cal. Rptr. 374, 376 (1981).
Even so, defendant argues that his offense, aiding and abetting, is being improperly twice used against him to elevate his punishment. In essence, he contends that his aiding and abetting first elevated the principal offense to one of first degree, and then was used again to make him a participant in that crime.
Defendant makes no double jeopardy claim but rather attempts to draw an analogy between his case and those death penalty and presumptive sentencing cases in which this Court has struck down aggravating factors which duplicate an element of the underlying offense. E.g., State v. Oliver, 302 N.C. 28, 274 S.E.2d 183 (1981); State v. Cherry, 298 N.C. 86, 257 S.E.2d 551 (1979), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 941, 100 S. Ct. 2165, 64 L. Ed. 2d 796 (1980).
It is true that we have consistently held that a factor which is an element of an underlying offense cannot also be used to aggravate, or elevate, the sentence imposed. In State v. Cherry, 298 N.C. at 113, 257 S.E.2d at 567-68, addressing a felony murder sentencing issue, we said,
Once the underlying felony has been used to obtain a conviction of first degree murder, it has become an element of that crime and may not thereafter be the basis for additional prosecution or sentence. Neither do we think the underlying felony should be submitted to the jury as an aggravating circumstance in the sentencing phase when it was the basis for, and an element of, a capital felony conviction.
Defendant also relies upon People v. Haron, 85 Ill. 2d 261, 52 Ill. Dec. 625, 422 N.E.2d 627 (1981), for his contention that the State may not twice use his aiding and abetting against him. In Haron, the defendant was charged with both armed violence and aggravated battery. The armed violence statute prohibited commission of any felony "while armed with a dangerous weapon." Ill.Rev.Stat.1979, ch. 38, par. 33A-2. However, the charge of aggravated battery was itself a felony which had been elevated from simple battery due to the use of a dangerous weapon. The court held that the predicate felony had an underlying element which could not then also be used to charge and convict defendant of the separate offense. The court noted,
Our review of the language of the statute and the authorities leads us to conclude that the General Assembly did not intend that the presence of a weapon serve to enhance an offense from misdemeanor to felony and also to serve as the basis for a charge of armed violence.
Id. at 278, 52 Ill.Dec. at 632, 422 N.E.2d at 634.
Defendant's reliance upon our sentencing cases as well as upon Haron is misplaced. Here we are not concerned with the aggravation or elevation of a sentence; nor are we concerned with conviction of two offenses based on an unfair duplication of one element. In this case, defendant has only been convicted of one crime, to wit, a first-degree sexual offense by reason of his aiding and abetting. While it is true that aiders and abettors are as guilty of the offense as are principals, State v. Keller, 268 N.C. 522, 151 S.E.2d 56 (1966), it is likewise true that aiding and abetting has a separate and distinct identity. See State v. Graven, 52 Ohio St. 2d 112, 6 Ohio Op. 3d 334, 369 N.E.2d 1205 (1977). In this case, the principal acts constituting the crime were actually committed by Partin and Peebles. Though his participation and assistance made him guilty as a principal, defendant nevertheless did not commit the actual acts constituting the first-degree sexual offense. Thus, while defendant's acts of assistance were properly used under the statute to elevate the charges against Peebles and Partin to first-degree offenses in the first instance, defendant's acts of aiding and abetting were used against him only once, that is, to find him guilty of the crime of first-degree sexual offense by reason of aiding *302 and abetting. Simply stated, defendant was convicted of only one offense, first-degree sexual offense by reason of his aiding and abetting a first-degree sexual offense committed by two other persons. He has not been subjected to multiple convictions or to enhanced punishment by an improper use of the same element twice. This assignment is overruled.
Defendant received a fair trial, free from prejudicial error.
NO ERROR.