STATE, Respondent v. PLENTY HORSE, Appellant
File No. 10765
Supreme Court of South Dakota
March 3, 1971
(184 N.W.2d 654)
Our study of the record persuades us that these observations are justified.
In our view the court‘s conclusion that Madden converted the mortgaged cattle involved in the eight sales above mentioned and that the association did not waive its mortgage lien by any form of consent sufficient to amount to a waiver of the liens is justified by the findings which it made. Consequently the judgment appealed from is affirmed.
All the Judges concur.
Gordon Mydland, Atty. Gen., Thomas R. Vickerman, Asst. Atty. Gen., Pierre, Eugene Jones, State‘s Atty., White River, for plaintiff and respondent.
HANSON, Judge.
Plenty Horse timely moved to quash the jury panel before commencement of his trial. Although Indians constitute a substantial per cent of the total population of Mellette County, it appears from evidence introduced at the hearing that only token numbers of their race have ever appeared on its jury lists.
The procedure for selecting and drawing jury lists and panels in this state is set forth in
A defendant‘s constitutional right to the equal protection of the law is violated by the deliberate or purposeful
The right to be free from discrimination does not entitle a defendant in a criminal case “to demand a proportionate number of his race on the jury which tries him nor on the venire or jury roll from which petit jurors are drawn. (citation of authorities) Neither the jury roll nor the venire need be perfect mirror of the community or accurately reflect the proportionate strength of every identifiable group.” Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202, 85 S.Ct. 824, 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965). All a defendant can demand is to be indicted by a grand jury or tried by a petit jury from which members of his race have not been intentionally excluded because of race or color. Virginia v. Rives, 100 U.S. 313, 25 L.Ed.667 (1879).
The burden of proving purposeful jury discrimination is upon the defendant alleging it. However, a prima facie case of unconstitutional exclusion may be made by showing a wide disparity between the total number of a racial group and the group‘s relatively small percentage representation on the county jury lists. When a prima facie case is made out, the burden shifts to the state to explain the disparity, Norris v. Alabama, 294 U.S. 587, 55 S.Ct. 579, 79 L.Ed. 1074 (1935); Whitus v. Georgia, 385 U.S. 545, 87 S.Ct. 643, 17 L.Ed.2d 599 (1967); Coleman v. Alabama, 389 U.S. 22, 88 S.Ct. 2, 19 L.Ed.2d 22 (1967); Jones v. Georgia, 389 U.S. 24, 88 S.Ct. 4, 19 L.Ed.2d 25 (1967), and Sims v. Georgia, 389 U.S. 404, 88 S.Ct. 523, 19 L.Ed.2d 634 (1967).
In the present action it appears that Indians constitute 29.9 per cent of the total population of Mellette County. However, only about 8 per cent were represented on the
Such evidence is sufficient to establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination in the composition of the county jury list from which defendant‘s petit jury was drawn. Practically the same percentage of racial jury representation to total population was found to be constitutionally offensive by the United States Supreme Court in Whitus v. Georgia, supra, and Sims v. Georgia, supra.
The prima facie case of racial discrimination was not satisfactorily rebutted by mere denial of systematic exclusion of Indians from the jury lists because of race or color. In considering the evidentiary worth of similar self-serving declarations by jury selectors the United States Supreme Court said the long continued exclusion of negroes from jury service “could not be met by mere generalities. If, in the presence of such testimony as defendant adduced, the mere general assertions by officials of their performance of duty were to be accepted as an adequate justification for the complete exclusion of negroes from jury service, the constitutional provision * * * would be but a vain and illusory requirement“, Norris v. Alabama, 294 U.S. 587, 55 S.Ct. 579, 79 L.Ed. 1074 (1935).
The general attitude of the jury selectors in Mellette County is reflected in the following testimony of one of the township supervisors:
“Q. There has never been an Indian picked from Cedar Butte to serve since 1961?
A. No.
Q. Are there any Indians living in the Cedar Butte township?
A. Well, there is a few Indians. Q. Is it not true a substantial number live there?
A. I wouldn‘t say so.
Q. In fact, over half the township is Indians?
A. About half, I imagine.
Q. Is there any reason why no Indian has ever been picked from Cedar Butte township for jury duty since and including 1960?
A. No. We pick the jurors right by qualifications set forth by the laws of South Dakota.
* * * *
Q. You subscribe to those qualifications?
A. Yes.
Q. Are there no Indians in Cedar Butte that meet the qualifications?
A. No.
Q. There are no Indians at all?
A. I don‘t know that there are.
Q. Some can read and write English?
A. I wouldn‘t say that.
Q. Or understand the English language?
A. I wouldn‘t say that.
Q. Upright character?
A. I wouldn‘t say that.
Q. Not convicted of a felony?
A. I wouldn‘t say that.
Q. Did you ever do any investigation?
A. The reason we haven‘t picked an Indian on a jury is because it is hard to know what qualifications they have. They come and go.
Q. You never went to any trouble to find out what their qualifications were? A. I didn‘t know it was my duty.
Q. Do you know all of the non-Indians in Cedar Butte township?
A. Yes.
Q. All personally?
A. Yes.
Q. Do you know their qualifications?
A. Yes.
Q. But you don‘t know any qualifications of any Indians in Cedar Butte township?
A. I didn‘t say that.
Q. Do you know of some?
A. That are qualified?
Q. Yes.
A. I know of one old Indian.
Q. How come this old Indian has never been on the jury?
A. Because he is over seventy.”
Defendant‘s prima facie case was also not overcome by testimony, such as the above, to the effect that the town and township officials were not familiar with the qualifications of Indians to act as jurors. In response to a similar contention in Cassell v. Texas, 339 U.S. 282, 70 S.Ct. 629, 94 L.Ed 839 (1950), the United States Supreme Court stated “When the [jury] commissioners were appointed as judicial administrative officials, it was their duty to familiarize themselves fairly with the qualifications of the eligible jurors of the county without regard to race and color. They did not do so here, and the result has been racial discrimination. We repeat the recent statement of Chief Justice Stone in Hill v.
As defendant will be entitled to a new trial, another issue requires consideration. This involves the following instruction requested by defendant and refused by the court:
“You are instructed that no act committed by a person while in a state of voluntary intoxication shall be deemed less criminal by reason of his having been in such a condition. But whenever the actual existence of any particular purpose, motive, or intent is a necessary element to constitute any particular species or degree or crime, you, the jury, may take into consideration the fact that the accused was intoxicated at the time in determining the purpose, motive, or intent with which he committed the act.”
The proposed instruction is practically a verbatim recitation of
Intent to defraud is an essential element of the crime of forgery in the third degree. There was evidence defendant had been drinking at the time of the alleged offense
Reversed.
WINANS and WOLLMAN, JJ., concur.
RENTTO, P. J., and BIEGELMEIER, J., concur specially.
RENTTO, Presiding Judge (concurring specially).
I concur in the opinion, but do not subscribe to the rule of law announced in the quotation therein, cited with approval, from Cassell v. Texas, 339 U.S. 282, 70 S.Ct. 629, 94 L.Ed. 839 (1950). As I read it our jury selectors would have to become personally acquainted with all the eligible jurors in their respective districts. This I think would place an unrealistic burden on them in our larger cities. While the court held that there was illegal racial discrimination in the selection of the grand jury involved in the Cassell case, only four and thus not a majority of the eight participating judges concurred in the quoted rule.
BIEGELMEIER, J., joins in this concurrence.