240 P. 219 | Wyo. | 1925
In this case, defendant and appellant was informed against in the District Court, the information containing four counts, the fourth count being for conducting a nuisance by selling intoxicating liquor in a certain building, and the second and third counts being as follows: *432
He was found guilty on the second and third counts and was sentenced to serve sixty days in jail and to pay a fine of $300 on each of said counts.
In his specifications of error — the case being here on appeal — he sets forth some thirteen errors, but the record shows that no exceptions were preserved to most of the alleged erroneous rulings, and these will not be considered by this court. *433
The first two specifications of error are that the second and third counts of the information do not charge the commission of a crime under the laws of Wyoming, the appellant contending that under Chapter 117, Section 30, Session Laws for 1921, the counts should each contain the words "which act was then and there prohibited and unlawful." The section of the statute in question is as follows:
"In any complaint, information, or indictment for the violation of this Act, separate offenses may be united in separate counts and the defendant may be tried on all at one trial and the penalty for all offenses may be imposed. It shall not be necessary in any complaint, information, or indictment to give the name of the purchaser or to include any defensive negative averments, but it shall be sufficient to state that the act complained of was then and there prohibited and unlawful, but this provision shall not be construed to preclude the trial court from directing the furnishing the defendant a bill of particulars when it deems it proper to do so."
The defendant in the trial court did not object to the sufficiency of the information in any manner before nor during the trial and not until the 19th day of April, 1924, nine days after the judgment and sentence of the court had been pronounced on the verdict, when he filed a motion in arrest of judgment. This was out of time, the statute (Section 7588, Wyoming Compiled Statutes 1920) requiring the motion to be filed within three days after the verdict. Nor does any exception appear in the record to the order of the court overruling the motion. It requires no citation of authority to the proposition that under these circumstances this court cannot reverse the case because of an insufficient information, unless the information wholly fails to state an offense. We think it is sufficient to state that in our opinion the failure of the counts in question to contain the words "which act was then and there prohibited and unlawful," *434 if a defect at all, is a defect in form only, and should have been raised before trial, and that the two counts complained of state offenses under our statute.
The next ruling of the trial court to which an exception is preserved occurred as follows:
George Pattrakis, a witness for the State, testified that he resided at Rock Springs, was a coal miner by occupation, and was a State law enforcement agent; then he gave testimony to the effect that he was present with another law enforcement agent named Geer, who had previously testified in the case as to purchasing intoxicating liquor from defendant, and witnessed the purchase of intoxicating liquor by Geer, his testimony corroborating that of Geer. Then on cross-examination of Pattrakis, he was questioned by defendant's attorney as to his occupation before becoming a State law enforcement agent, and was finally asked this question: "Isn't it a fact that you are now interested in running a house of prostitution at Rock Springs?" This question was objected to by the State as being incompetent, irrevelant and immaterial, and the objection was sustained by the court, to which ruling defendant excepted. We think the question should have been allowed, not only because the jury had a right to know the character of the witness whose testimony was being given, but also because the witness had a right, if he wished, to counteract any false impression that might be left in the minds of the jury by the suggestion contained in the question as to his character. As the record was made by the ruling, the jury might conclude that the objection was interposed because the State feared the answer that would be given to the question. It is said in 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, 14th edition:
"There is certainly great force in the argument that, where a man's liberty or his life depends upon the testimony of another, it is of infinite importance that those who are to decide upon the testimony should know, to the greatest extent, how far the witness is to be trusted. They cannot *435 look into his breast to see what passes there, but must form their opinion on the collateral indications of his good faith and sincerity. Whatever, therefore, may materially assist them in this inquiry is most essential to the investigation of truth; and it cannot but be material for the jury to understand the character of the witness whom they are called upon to believe, and to know whether, although he has not been convicted of any crime, he has not in some measure rendered himself less credible by his disgraceful conduct. * * * Nor does there seem to be any good reason why a witness should be privileged from answering a question touching his present situation and employment and associates, if they are of his own choice, as, for example, in what house or family he resides, what is his ordinary occupation, and whether he is intimately acquainted and conversant with certain persons, and the like; for, however these may disgrace him, his position is one of his own selection."
In Underhill on Criminal Evidence (3rd Ed.), Section 387, it is said:
"The previous conduct of the witness, his life and associations, whether irreproachable or the reverse, are all relevant. Every person possesses, to a certain extent, the power of selecting his domicile and avocation. * * * If, therefore, he voluntarily associates with those who are engaged in disreputable pursuits * * * or follows an occupation which is loathsome and vile, though not perhaps criminal, no rule of law prevents such facts from being shown to determine his credibility, by questions put to him upon his cross-examination."
In 28 R.C.L., 610, Section 199, the rule is stated:
"By the great weight of authority it has always been permissible upon cross-examination to inquire into the antecedents of a witness by showing his occupation, social connections, *436 manner and place of living, and the like. Being matters largely of his own choice, they indicate his true character. He is therefore responsible for them, and they may be inquired into for the purpose of affecting his credibility."
In the case of Eads v. State,
"The evidence proffered was collateral to the issue and unless it clearly tended to discredit the witness it should not be received. Inquiry may be made as to specific instances of recent but not remote misconduct of a witness upon cross-examination of such witness within proper limits for the purpose of affecting his credibility. In such case his answer precludes further inquiry; in other words, extrinsic evidence of such collateral matter is not permissible. The right and limits of such cross-examination when relevant on the subject of bad character rests largely in the discretion of the trial court. * * * A misdemeanor is not an infamous crime nor does it always involve moral turpitude or lack of veracity in the perpetration. It seems to us that the evidence to be competent and relevant to discredit the witness should at least tend to prove moral turpitude or a lack of veracity. The crime of carrying concealed weapons imputes neither. * * *"
The running of a house of prostitution, though a misdemeanor, does involve moral turpitude, and hence under the rule above announced, the question asked should have been allowed. *437
See also 40 Cyc. 2615, et seq.; Jones on Evidence, Civil Cases, 3rd Ed., Sec. 830, et seq; State v. Fong Loon,
While the trial court undoubtedly has great discretion in limiting cross-examination, and while it must be confessed that the decisions are far from harmonious on the question now being discussed, we believe that in a case of this kind, where the witness for the state qualifies himself as to his occupation as a coal miner and as to his official position as a State law enforcement agent, the defense should be allowed on cross-examination to ask him if he is not at the time interested in running a house of prostitution. The question might very well have been allowed on the ground that the state had placed his occupation, position and standing in issue. But aside from that, we think the jury might very well refuse to place the credence in his testimony they otherwise would if it were shown that he was interested in an illegal and degrading business. However, we are not willing to reverse the case for this error. We do not believe that, had he been allowed to answer the question, the verdict would have been otherwise. There was ample evidence, besides his, on which the jury may have, and perhaps did, base their verdict. There is also nothing to indicate that, had he been allowed to reply, his answer would have been in the affirmative, and nothing to indicate that the witness was in fact engaged in the business of conducting a house of prostitution. It is very likely that the question was asked only for the purpose of attempting to cast suspicion on the witness and with no hope or expectation that he would answer it in the affirmative.
On direct examination, Geer, one of the State's witnesses, testified that at the time and place mentioned in the information he bought a bottle of moonshine liquor from defendant. Then on cross-examination, defendant's attorney asked Geer how he happened to buy the moonshine liquor, and in answering that question the witness testified that he *438 bought six bottles of beer from defendant and then inquired if he had any liquor, and on being informed that defendant could supply that also, witness bought the bottle of moonshine liquor in question. No objection was made by defendant to this testimony concerning the beer. Later Geer was recalled by the State, whereupon the following took place:
"Q. Mr. Geer, when was it you bought the beer down at 257 West A. Street?
Mr. Mulvaney: We object to that as incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial.
Mr. Foster: Other sales of —
The Court: (Interposing) Proceed. Overruled.
Mr. Mulvaney: Exception.
A. I bought beer on the night that I bought this liquor, and I bought beer and liquor on another date, from this same defendant.
Mr. Barrett: On another date?
The Witness: Yes.
Mr. Barrett: We ask that this be stricken as not bearing on this case.
Mr. Foster: It is a question of nuisance.
Mr. Barrett: That affidavit was sworn to, that the sale was made on the same date this man is charged with in the examination.
Mr. Foster: That dosen't make any difference.
The Court: Overruled.
Mr. Barrett: Exception.
Mr. Foster: That is all."
It will thus be seen that testimony as to the beer was first produced by defendant while cross-examining the witness, and for this reason we do not think defendant can claim to have been prejudiced by the question and answer objected to. Furthermore, the fourth count of the information charges a nuisance, and the evidence was competent and material under that count. *439
After the taking of testimony had been completed and the jury instructed, defendant moved for a directed verdict on the ground that the State had failed to introduce or offer the intoxicating liquor as evidence. Thereupon, upon motion of the State, the case was reopened by the court and the bottle of liquor was received in evidence. The reopening of a case is a matter resting largely within the discretion of the trial court and the defendant has shown no prejudice resulting therefrom.
It is claimed that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the verdict. Two witnesses for the State testified that liquor was purchased by them from defendant at the time and place alleged in the second and third counts of the information. The jury evidently believed this testimony, as they had a perfect right to do. The evidence was amply sufficient to sustain a conviction on the two counts on which a verdict of guilty was returned.
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the trial court should be and is affirmed.
Affirmed.
POTTER, Ch.J., and BLUME, J., concur.