89 P. 634 | Idaho | 1907
The defendant was prosecuted upon in- ’ formation, charged with the crime of murder committed by
Upon the trial it appeared that while Letton was in a drunken sleep and unconscious, the defendant injected morphine into his arm, and that Letton never recovered consciousness thereafter, and died on the following day from the effects of the poison. The defendant was convicted of the crime of manslaughter and has appealed, and insists that the court erred in instructing the jury that they might bring in any one of four verdicts, namely, guilty of murder in the first degree, second degree, manslaughter, or not guilty. The court instructed the jury as to the law governing the different degrees of murder, and advised them that they might return a verdict for any one of the three grades of crime included in the information, or a verdict of not guilty. The defendant insists that since the charge against him was the crime of murder “perpetrated by means of poison,” the. jury should have returned only one of two verdicts; namely, guilty of murder in the first degree, or not guilty.
Section 6562 defines the degrees of murder and designates the class of cases in which, the offense shall be murder of the first degree and those in which it shall be murder in the second degree. The section is as follows: “All murder which is perpetrated by means of poison, or lying in wait, torture, or by any other kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated killing, or which is committed in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate arson, rape, robbery, burglary, or mayhem, is murder of the first degree; and all other kinds of murder are of the second degree.”'
It will be noted that the statute says “All murder perpetrated by means of poison,” etc., shall be murder of the first degree. Section 6560 defines murder as follows: “Mur
Sec. 7925. “Whenever a crime is distinguished into degrees, the jury, if they convict the defendant, must find the degree of the crime of which he is guilty.”
Sec. 7926. “The jury may find the defendant guilty of any offense, the commission of which is necessarily included in that with which he is charged in the indictment, or of an attempt to commit the offense.”
By the foregoing provisions of the statute, it is made the duty of the jury to find the degree of the crime of which a defendant is guilty, where the offense charged is divisible into separate and distinct degrees or grades of crime included within the indictment or information.
It will be seen from these several provisions of the statute that while, as a matter of law, a defendant found guilty of murder committed by means of poison must necessarily be guilty in the first degree, and the jury should be so instructed, still the statute has delegated the right to, and imposes the duty upon, the jury of themselves determining as to the degree of offense as a matter of fact. The crime of murder is divided into first and second degrees, and that charge neees
At common law all murder was of the first degree, and no such distinction was recognized as that incorporated in section 6562, supra. This statute, departing from the common-law rule and dividing the crime into degrees, was adopted in Pennsylvania as early as 1794, and it appears to have been uniformly held in that state to have been the duty of the trial court to submit the question of the degree of the offense to the jury and to have made it the duty of the jury to find the degree.
In Lane v. Commonwealth, 59 Pa. St. 376, the court said: “It has never yet been decided in Pennsylvania that a verdict of murder in the second degree might not be given in a ease of murder by poison. That it may be given is as unquestionable as the power of the jury is under the act to give it and impossible for the court to refuse it.”
In Shaffner v. Commonwealth, 72 Pa. St. 60, 13 Am. Rep. 649, Justice Agnew refers to the previous decisions of the court on the subject, and says: “It was not only the right, but the duty, of the judge to inform the jury of the degree which the law attaches to murder by poison, and to instruct them in their duty under the law. It is only when the charge
Our statute, section 6562, appears to be almost an exact copy of the law adopted in Connecticut in 1846, and in State v. Dowd, 19 Conn. 391, in considering the right and authority of the jury to find the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree where the offense was charged to have been committed by means of poison, the court said: “In most of the eases mentioned in the statute, as constituting the crime of murder in the first degree, the lesser crime is manifestly included. Thus, if the charge were, that the murder was committed by the accused while lying in wait, the jury might find that it was not so committed, and convict him only of the lesser offense. So, if it were averred that the act was .done by him while attempting to commit the crime of arson or rape, the jury might find that part of the charge untrue, and still convict the prisoner of murder in the second degree. Now, if the same rule applies to a case where the charge is for murder by poisoning, then the conviction, in this case, was legal. The language of the statute strongly favors such a construction. It provides that murder perpetrated by means of poison, or by lying in wait, or by any other kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated killing, shall be murder in the first degree; thereby implying that in all cases the crime must be the result of a willful, deliberate and premeditated act. .... But, however this may be, there is another provision in the statute more unequivocal. It says that the jury, if they find the accused guilty, shall ascertain in their verdict whether it be murder in the first or second degree. And if he be convicted by confession, the court shall determine the degree of crime, by examination of witnesses. This provision is positive, without any exception or qualification; and we do not feel authorized, in the construction of a statute like this, involving the life or death of the person accused, to make an exception where the legislature have made none.”
A similar statute was passed in Ohio in 1835, and in Robbins v. State, 8 Ohio St. 131 (194), the court, in considering
This latter case was commented upon and distinguished in Dreshach v. State, 38 Ohio St. 369, but was not overruled as to the point in question.
A similar statute seems to have been adopted in Virginia and Tennessee at an early date, and a similar conclusion has been reached by the courts of those states as to the power of the jury under su'ch a statute. (Dale v. State, 10 Yerg. (18 Tenn.) 551; Commonwealth v. Jones, 1 Leigh (Va.), 611.) The same statute is in force in the state of Nevada, and in
A similar conclusion seems to have been reached under the laws of the state of Washing-ton in the case of State v. Grear, 11 Wash. 244, 39 Pac. 874.
Some authorities have been called to our attention which at first blush would seem to hold to the contrary view, but a careful examination of them satisfies'us that upon principle but few, if any, of those cases are in conflict with the views above expressed. We are satisfied that the purpose and intent of the statutes and the reasons for the rule support the view we have here taken. We therefore conclude that although the defendant was charged with the crime of murder perpetrated by means of poison, and that it was the duty of the court to instruct the jury as to the law in such cases, and the grade of offense that they might find defendant guilty of; still, it was within the province of the jury to find the degree of the offense, and that even though the evidence might fully disclose that the defendant was guilty of a higher degree than that found against him, still the verdict could not be disturbed for that reason. It is not an uncommon thing for a jury, out of sympathy, or what they conceive to be extenuating circumstances, to find a defendant guilty of a lower degree or grade of offense than that of which the evidence clearly convicts him, but the fact that they do so is not a ground of reversal of the verdict and judgment. (People v. Dunn, 1 Idaho, 77; People v. Walter, 1 Idaho, 387; State v.
"We find no error that would require or justify a reversal of the judgment of conviction in this case. The judgment must be affirmed, and it is so ordered.