42 Conn. App. 17 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1996
The defendant appeals from the judgment of conviction, following a jury trial, of possession of marijuana with intent to sell in violation of General Statutes § 21a-277 (b). On appeal, the defendant claims that the trial court (1) denied him his state and federal constitutional rights to conflict free representation by failing to inquire of him about a possible conflict of interest arising because he and a codefendant were jointly represented for a time at his trial by the same counsel, and (2) denied him his right to due process and a fair trial by failing to declare a mistrial as a result of the alleged conflict of interest. We affirm the judgment of conviction.
Certain facts serve as the background for the issues raised. On August 6, 1990, a member of the Bridgeport police department witnessed drug activity on the comer of Stratford and Union Avenues. After observing three individuals for approximately fifteen minutes and believing that he had probable cause to arrest the individuals, he radioed for backup. Two additional officers arrived and arrested two of the three suspects, the defendant and David Bell.
The defendant and Bell were originally codefendants in a trial that began on May 29, 1991, in which both
The trial proceeded against the defendant only, and the jury was made aware of that fact before the defendant presented his case.
On July 7,1992, the defendant, pro se, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, alleging that “my lawyer
I
HABEAS COURT’S POWER TO RESTORE APPELLATE RIGHTS
Before addressing the defendant’s claims on appeal, we must first address the issue of the jurisdiction of the habeas court to accept the stipulation and to extend the time for appeal to this court by restoring the defendant’s right to appeal his conviction. This necessarily requires an answer to the question of whether the habeas court had the power to restore an appellate right to appeal not previously exercised by the defendant. The issue of whether a habeas court can grant the relief of restoration of an appeal right, upon stipulation of the parties, has not yet been definitively resolved in this state. See Douglas v. Warden, 218 Conn. 778, 791, 591 A.2d 399 (1991).
The stipulation provided: “The parties in the above-captioned case hereby stipulate that the Petitioner’s right to appeal his conviction(s) in Docket Nos. CR-54545 and CR-54534, from the Judicial District of Fair-field at Bridgeport, GA 2, be restored in full; and that the Petitioner’s application for a writ of habeas coipus,
Our analysis begins with the recognition of two relevant principles. First, the time within which to bring an appeal when established by judicial rule is not a jurisdictional limit; New England Savings Bank v. Meadow Lakes Realty Co, 235 Conn. 663, 668 A.2d 712 (1996); second, there is no constitutional right to an appeal, but rather a statutory right. Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 105 S. Ct. 830, 83 L. Ed. 2d 821 (1985). The significance of the former is that we are not dealing with a situation in which the trial court has attempted to thrust jurisdiction on us where no jurisdiction could exist, and the significance of the latter is that, although we are not dealing with a deprivation of a constitutional right to appeal, we are dealing with a cure for an allegedly unconstitutional deprivation of rights where a statutory right to appeal exists. If a state grants a statutory right to appeal judgments of conviction, the procedures relating to the appeal must conform with due process, including the right to have competent counsel to prosecute the appeal. Id.
Our analysis must also include the fact that the writ of habeas corpus is the subject of a statute, General Statutes § 52-470 (a), which gives the habeas court the power to “dispose of the case as law and justice require” and that another statute, General Statutes § 51-14, provides that the appellate rules of practice cannot abridge, enlarge or modify any substantive right or the jurisdiction of the courts.
There is a paucity of Connecticut cases that discuss, either directly or indirectly, this issue of whether a
The respondent warden cross appealed in Fredericks claiming that the habeas court was without authority to allow a late appeal. Id., 506.
The court, after stating that ordinarily the Superior Court lacks authority to allow a late appeal, reasoned that if, in a habeas case, it has been properly determined that an appeal would have existed to complain of the denial of a right granted by the federal constitution, any rule restricting an appeal merely because of lapse of time would necessarily be ineffective. Id., 508. Thus, the Fredericks court recognized that a habeas court has the power in some instances to reinstate an appeal. The rationale for the Fredericks reinstatement of the defendant’s appeal is that because the defendant was constitutionally entitled to competent counsel to represent him on appeal, no rule can absolutely prevent the habeas court from reinstating that appeal where the
Fredericks involved a request for a reinstatement of an appeal that had previously been dismissed whereas the present case involves the restoration of the right to take a direct appeal, no appeal having ever been taken. Under the circumstances of the present case, there is no significant difference between an order of reinstatement by the habeas court and the order of restoration because the claim in Fredericks and in this habeas appeal is the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.
In State v. Stead, 186 Conn. 222, 490 A.2d 299 (1982), decided before the change relating to the time to file an appeal in Practice Book § 3097, now § 4040 (a),
The rules of practice are not determinative of our issue, however, but rather our statutes, the historical use of a writ of habeas corpus and case law more recent than State v. Stead, supra, 186 Conn. 222, LaReau v. Reincke, supra, 158 Conn. 486, State v. Brown, 157 Conn. 398, 254 A.2d 570 (1969), and Fredericks v. Reincke, supra, 152 Conn. 503, control.
In State v. Robinson, 10 Conn. App. 520, 523 A.2d 1365, cert. denied, 204 Conn. 807, 528 A.2d 1154 (1987), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 899, 109 S. Ct. 244, 102 L. Ed. 2d 233 (1988), this court addressed the issue of a habeas court’s authority to grant a conditional remedy of discharge in the event the direct appeal of the petitioner was not reinstated “within forty-five days.” The habeas court’s order was rendered pursuant to a stipulation of the parties. The petitioner, in accordance with the order, filed a motion to reinstate the appeal, which was granted by the Appellate Court. We recognized the habeas court’s power to order discharge of a petitioner from custody in the event an appeal was not reinstated, but noted that the broad power vested in the trial court in a habeas coipus action “does not include the trial court’s unnecessary intrusion into an appellate court’s supervision and control of its own rules of procedure.” Id., 524. We, therefore, vacated the habeas court’s order of discharge and struck the time limitation contained in the order. Id., 527. The order in Robinson, which reflected the stipulation, permitted the petitioner to seek reinstatement of an appeal that had previously been dismissed for failure of his appellate counsel to file a brief, whereas, in the present case, the order that reflected the stipulation “restored in full” the petitioner’s right to appeal, which right had not been exercised previously. The order in the present case is silent as to how the restoration was to be accomplished. The
The Appellate Court has considered two recent cases in which petitioners sought reinstatement of their appellate rights due to their trial counsel’s failure to file an appeal, in which the habeas court denied the relief sought, on the ground that the evidence supporting the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel was not believable. On appeal by the petitioners, we upheld the habeas court’s ruling in each case, stating that there was insufficient evidence to support a claim of deprivation of a constitutional right, and affirmed the habeas court’s dismissals of the petitions. Williamson v. Commissioner of Correction, 39 Conn. App. 773, 667 A.2d 562 (1995); Davis v. Commissioner of Correction, 39 Conn. App. 735, 667 A.2d 560 (1995). In neither opinion did we take issue with the relief that the petitioners had sought from the habeas court, i.e., the restoration of their appellate rights.
A dismissal of an appeal for failure of a defendant’s counsel to prosecute an appeal with due diligence does not, per se, deprive a defendant of his constitutional rights because a defendant may proceed subsequently with a habeas corpus petition, seeking the opportunity to file a new appeal. State v. Weber, 221 Conn. 84, 86-87, 602 A.2d 963 (1992). This clearly implies that a habeas court has jurisdiction to allow a new appeal, thereby reinstating a defendant’s appellate rights.
A writ of habeas corpus seeks a special and extraordinary remedy for illegal restraint. The remedy may be an absolute discharge, a denial of all relief or a discharge conditioned on an event, such as appellate review or a new trial. Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391, 83 S. Ct. 822, 9 L. Ed. 2d 837 (1963); Fredericks v. Reincke, supra, 152 Conn. 506-507. The statutory language “dispose of the case as law and justice require” gives the habeas court the power to conform a remedy to the particular facts. We conclude that a habeas court may choose a remedy of the restoration of appellate rights as a condition of discharge.
The next question we must decide is whether the restoration of appellate rights can arise by stipulation of the parties, without the necessity of any hearing or finding by the habeas court, as to the reason for the lapse of time to assert the right of appeal or as to whether the petitioner deliberately bypassed a direct appeal. We are not aware of any Connecticut case that discusses this issue. State v. Brown, supra, 157 Conn. 398, makes it clear that if there is no finding by a habeas court that a petitioner has not deliberately bypassed a direct appeal or that the denial of an appeal violated his constitutional rights, the court is without authority to restore appellate rights. Unlike in the present case, there was, however, no stipulation by the parties in Brown. Nor was there a stipulation in Vena v. Warden, 154 Conn. 363, 225 A.2d 802 (1966), which also holds that a petitioner in a habeas case must allege and prove the reason for a failure to take a direct appeal.
A stipulated judgment is a contract between the parties and not an adjudication on the merits. Connecticut Pharmaceutical Assn., Inc. v. Milano, 191 Conn. 555, 468 A.2d 1230 (1983), citing Owsiejko v. American Hardware Corp., 137 Conn. 185, 75 A.2d 404 (1950). In the present case, the parties did not stipulate to any facts, but rather stipulated to a remedy, without any determination or agreement that a constitutional deprivation occurred at trial or that the petitioner had not
The scope of a habeas court’s authority to furnish a remedy as justice requires is limited to the constitutional deprivation found. “ ‘In adjudication of petitions for habeas corpus, the remedies available to a court depend upon the constitutional rights that are being vindicated.’ Gaines v. Manson, 194 Conn. 510, 516, 481 A.2d 1084 (1984).” Copas v. Warden, 30 Conn. App. 677, 686, 621 A.2d 1378, on appeal after remand, 234 Conn. 139, 662 A.2d 718 (1995). In ordering the restoration of appellate rights, the habeas court here made no findings on the merits. The question is whether the stipulation can be treated as a substitute for findings by the habeas court.
Although the issue in State v. Robinson, supra, 10 Conn. App. 520, originated from a stipulation entered between the parties, which formed the bases for the order of the habeas court, and although the Appellate Court did not vacate the order on the ground that a constitutional violation must be found before a remedy is furnished, we stated that “[i]t is important to note that in reaching this conclusion [to vacate the order], we are not reviewing the propriety of the trial court’s action in a collateral habeas corpus proceeding not presently before this court.” (Emphasis in original.) Id., 525. We also stated that a habeas court has considerable discretion to frame a remedy when disposing of a case as law and justice require. Id., 523-24. The case, however, does not serve to endorse a habeas court’s power to grant a stipulated remedy without making its own findings of fact to support the stipulation.
The rationale for the holding of Vena v. Warden, supra, 154 Conn. 363, namely, that the determination of whether a prisoner has deliberately bypassed the orderly process of an appeal must be made based on
General Statutes § 52-470 (a) provides that a “habeas court shall proceed in a summary way to determine the facts and issues of the case, by hearing the testimony and arguments therein, and inquire fully into the cause of imprisonment . . . .” The proceeding is “summary” in the sense that it should be heard promptly, without continuances; see Hogewoning v. Hogewoning, 117 Conn. 264, 265, 167 A.2d 813 (1933); but the use of the word also implies that the proceeding should be short, concise and conducted in a prompt and simple manner, without the aid of a jury, or in other respects out of the regular course of the common law. Kredi v. Benson, 1 Conn. App. 511, 514 n.2, 473 A.2d 333 (1984).
A formal stipulation of facts by the parties constitutes a judicial admission and should usually be adopted by the court deciding the case. King v. Spencer, 115 Conn. 201, 161 A. 103 (1932). An admission concedes the truth of some fact so that no evidence need be offered to prove it. State v. Rodriquez, 180 Conn. 382, 396, 429 A.2d 919 (1980). Here, the stipulation does not relate to a fact, but to the conclusion that the defendant’s appellate rights should be restored. In civil cases, conclusoiy admissions are not binding on a court because a court may be justified in deviating from the conclusions if they are unsupported by underlying facts placed in evidence.
In this habeas case, no underlying facts were placed in evidence and no fact in support of the conclusion
II
THE APPEAL
The defendant claims that the trial court’s failure to inquire of him about a possible conflict of interest of his trial counsel violated his constitutional right to conflict free representation. Although this claim appears to be more appropriate for a habeas proceeding because the constitutional right at issue deals with the trial counsel’s ability to represent his client effectively; see State v. Leecan, 198 Conn. 517, 541, 504 A.2d 480, cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1184, 106 S. Ct. 2922, 91 L. Ed. 2d 550 (1986);
The United States and Connecticut constitutions have afforded individuals certain minimum rights in criminal proceedings. The trial court safeguards these rights and ensures that none is violated during a criminal prosecution. State v. Brown, 235 Conn. 502, 527, 668 A.2d 1288 (1995). “The trial judge plays a crucial role in ensuring that a criminal defendant receives a fair trial by an impartial jury, and must be ever vigilant, throughout the course of the trial. . . . In a criminal trial, the judge is more than a mere moderator of the proceedings. It is [the judge’s] responsibility to have the trial conducted in a manner which approaches an atmosphere of perfect impartiality which is so much to be desired in a judicial proceeding. State v. Echols, 170 Conn. 11, 13, 364 A.2d 225 (1975). . . . State v. Brigandi, [186 Conn. 521, 542, 442 A.2d 927 (1982)]. ...” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Brown, supra, 235 Conn. 527. As an appellate body, we are responsible for reviewing claims arising from the trial court’s acts or omissions that violate constitutional lights and affect the trial proceedings itself.
The sixth amendment to the United States constitution,
The importance of safeguarding this right led to the requirement that, under certain conditions, the trial court must explore the possibility of a conflict. Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 98 S. Ct. 1173, 55 L. Ed. 2d 426 (1978); Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 100 S. Ct. 1708, 64 L. Ed. 2d 333 (1980); Festo v. Luckart, supra, 191 Conn. 629. “Moreover, one of the principal safeguards of this right is the rule . . . that [a trial] court must explore the possibility of a conflict . . . when it knows or reasonably should know of a conflict . . . .” (Internal quotation marks ommitted.) Festo v. Luckart, supra, 629; State v. Martin, 201 Conn. 74, 79, 513 A.2d 116 (1986). In order to safeguard these federal and state constitutional rights, the United States Supreme Court and Connecticut courts have placed a duty on a trial court to inquire about a possible conflict in certain circumstances. Its failure to do so can lead to a claimed violation of a constitutional right. Wood v. Georgia, 450 U.S. 261, 101 S. Ct. 1097, 67 L. Ed. 2d 220 (1981); State v. Martin, supra, 78. Although rooted in the right to effective assistance of counsel, such a claim seeks to address the actions of the trial court during a criminal proceeding, not the actions of counsel.
The difference between a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel brought in a habeas proceeding and a claim involving the failure of a trial court to safeguard
The actions of a trial court are unlike the trial strategy of counsel. The activities of counsel may not be apparent on the record but the words and rulings of a trial court are readily reviewable from the record itself. When a defendant, therefore, alleges that the trial court’s failure to inquire about a possible conflict of interest led to the deprivation of a constitutional right during the criminal prosecution, the claim is proper for a direct appeal.
The defendant’s claim that the trial court failed to inquire about a possible conflict of interest when it was
The defendant must show that the trial court, on the basis of the facts available to it, should have known that a possible conflict existed before a duty of inquiry would arise. “In the context of representation of multiple codefendants by one attorney, we have defined a conflict of interest as existing where the attorney adduces evidence or advances arguments on behalf of one defendant that are damaging to the interests of the other defendant. See Festo v. Luckart, [supra, 191 Conn. 631].” Phillips v. Warden, supra, 220 Conn. 135-36. The defendant does not argue and the record does not show that evidence existed that implicated one defendant and exculpated the other, that motions to sever the trial or for a mistrial were made that would alert the trial court to a possible conflict, that a plea bargain offered to one defendant was conditioned on that defendant’s testifying against the other, that trial counsel emphasized to the jury that certain evidence implicated only one defendant and not the other, that one defendant’s role was subordinate to the other’s, or that a defense for one defendant would have implicated the other. The record does not indicate the existence of any of those
The defendant argues that his counsel did not adduce evidence, when Bell testified, that would have alerted the jury as to why the case against Bell was taken from its consideration. The test of a possibility of a conflict of interest is whether Bell and the defendant had adverse interests. State v. Martin, supra, 201 Conn. 81. Bell testified for the defendant, and they had no discemable adverse interest at the time.
The defendant also argues that once the charges had been nolled against Bell, the trial court should have been alerted to a possible conflict because Bell’s and the defendant’s interests diverged at that point and because counsel acquiesced in the trial court’s decision not to inform the jury of the disposition of Bell’s case. The defendant essentially argues that had the defendant’s attorney moved for a judgment of acquittal for Bell before Bell testified as a witness, this information would have bolstered Bell’s credibility because the jury would know that Bell had not entered into a plea bargain and had not pleaded guilty. Assumptions do not create a conflict of interest. Furthermore, the jury had been told not to speculate about the absence of Bell as a defendant. Even if the jury disregarded the court’s admonition, the jury could as easily have believed that Bell’s case was dropped because he had no involvement in the crime, which might have helped the defendant.
The defendant is attempting to place himself in a better position than he would have been in had he and Bell been represented by separate counsel. If the defendant were represented by separate counsel, that counsel would have been unable to alter the state’s agreement with Bell. Here, the defendant’s attorney did not inform the trial court of any potential conflict of
The defendant next argues that the trial court denied him a fair trial and due process under the fifth, sixth and fourteenth amendments to the United States constitution and under article first, § 8, of the Connecticut constitution because it failed to declare sua sponte a mistrial. Because the defendant failed to raise this claim at trial, he can prevail only by satisfying all of the conditions established by State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 239-40. “In the absence of any one of [the four Golding requirements], the defendant’s claim will fail. The appellate tribunal is free, therefore, to respond to the defendant’s claim by focusing on whichever condition is most relevant in the particular circumstances.” Id., 240.
The defendant has failed to show that a constitutional violation clearly exists, as required by the third prong of Golding. Id., 239-40. The defendant argues that because the disposition of the codefendant’s case was not explained to the jury and the alleged conflict of interest in the joint representation should have alerted the trial court that the defendant would not receive a fair trial, and therefore, the trial court should have ordered a mistrial, sua sponte.
“The decision as to whether to grant a motion for a mistrial, or to grant a mistrial on the court’s own motion, is one that requires the trial coúrt to exercise its judicial discretion. See State v. Maldonado, 193 Conn. 350, 356, 478 A.2d 581 (1984). [T]he law has invested Courts of justice with the authority to discharge a jury from giving any verdict, whenever, in their opinion . . . there is a manifest necessity for the act, or the ends of public justice would otherwise be defeated. They are to exercise a sound discretion .... Gori v. United States, 367 U.S. 364, 368-69, 81 S. Ct. 1523, 6 L. Ed. 2d 901 (1961).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v.
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
The following discussion, outside the presence of the jury, took place among Cornelius Kelly, the state’s attorney, William T. Browne, the defendant’s attorney, and the trial court:
“Mr. Kelly: Your Honor, with respect to David Bell, docket number CR-954534, based upon the information the state has at this point and evidence that is presented, the state enters a nolle against—with respect to Mr. Bell’s case.
“The Court: All right, that is within your prerogative.
“Mr. Kelly: We will be proceeding with the matter against Mr. Phidd.
“Mr. Browne: Preliminarily discussed, at the end of Mr. Phidd’s case, I might ask Mr. Bell’s nolle be made into a dismissal, at least I will make the motion to that effect.
“The Court: You may make the motion now, he’s been put in jeopardy.
“Mr. Browne: I asked Neil [the state’s attorney] about that and he would prefer I would not make the motion.
“The Court: All right, make it at the end of the case, whichever way you want.
“Mr. Browne: I don’t want to louse up what we talked about.
“Mr. Kelly: Fine. Once Mr. Phidd’s case is disposed of.
“Mr. Browne: I would like to use Mr. Bell as a witness.
“The Court: There is no problem.
“Mr. Browne: Okay. Just so . . .
“The Court: You’re not precluded from that.
“Mr. Browne: Thank you, Judge.”
On the following day the issue again arose:
“Mr. Browne: I would not pursue a motion to dismiss until the entire case is completed. Your Honor expressed an opinion since the defendant Bell may be put in jeopardy, motion to dismiss stands at anytime. I don’t want to do anything I didn’t agree to. I do intend to call Mr. Bell as a witness. I don’t know if that creates any problems.
“The Court: It creates a problem for me. I’ll tell you what the problem is. As of this time he is still, in fact, a defendant.
“Mr. Browne: Yeah.
“The Court: Now, in putting on your case, if he testifies—does he testify as a defendant or a person not as a defendant—
“Mr. Browne: If the case is—If the charges are no longer pending against him, he is no longer in jeopardy. He is just a witness, not a defendant.
“The Court: Unless there is some strategy I am not aware of, I don’t understand the difference between . . .
“The Court: That is a valid point.
“Mr. Browne: I would not do anything like that. I wouldn’t do that. Leave it to Mr. Kelly to think of that.
“The Court: That is a concern.
“Mr. Kelly: That is a concern I had, but I think . . .
“Mr. Browne: That’s not going to happen.
“The Court: Why don’t we indicate that the state nolled it and you just postpone your motion to the end of the case.
“Mr. Browne: That’s what . . .
“The Court: Basically what . . .
“Mr. Browne:—is what we agreed to.”
The charge against David Bell was dismissed on June 5, 1991.
The trial court informed the jury as follows: “At this point, this case only concerns the defendant Phidd. You are not to speculate as to the matter—why the defendant Bell’s matter was taken away from your consideration. It should not have any effect on your deliberations of the case against Mr. Phidd.”
The state made no timely motion to dismiss the appeal on the ground that the appeal was not filed within twenty days of the claimed restoration of the defendant’s appellate rights. Pursuant to LaReau v. Reincke, 158 Conn. 486, 264 A.2d 576 (1969), any right to object on the ground of a late filing was, therefore, waived by tire state.
When Fredericks v. Reincke, supra, 152 Conn. 501, was decided, Practice Book § 665 provided: “The judge who tried the case, or the court in which it was tried, may, for good cause shown, extend the time provided for filing the appeal or filing any paper or taking any other steps necessary to perfect the appeal, except as otherwise provided in these rules. ... No extension of time for filing of the appeal . . . shall be granted unless the original motion for extension is filed before the time for taking the appeal . . . has expired and any subsequent motion is filed before the expiration of any previous extension.” This rule, therefore, permitted a trial court to grant extensions for an unlimited duration as long as the requests were filed before the expiration of any previous extensions.
Prior to this rule, a trial court had the authority to grant extensions liberally; Equitable Trust Co. v. Plume, 92 Conn. 649, 652, 103 A. 940 (1918); and to grant them even after the time for filing had expired. General Hospital Society v. New Haven Rendering Co., 79 Conn. 581, 582 n., 65 A. 1065 (1907). DeTeves v. DeTeves, 202 Conn. 292, 520 A.2d 608 (1987), and Practice Book § 4040 (a) are now the controlling authorities for the length of extensions of time that a trial court may allow in which to file appeals. Effective October 1,1982, “§ 3097 (a) [now § 4009] does not provide the trial court with power to extend the time period for filing an appeal more than twenty days from the expiration date of the original appeal period.” DeTeves v. DeTeves, supra, 298.
It is also important to note that when Fredericks was decided, the rules of practice did not provide a procedure in which a party could address an appellate court for the purpose of requesting permission to file a late appeal. See Practice Book § 4183 (6). Appellate courts, however, sua sponte, can resurrect appellate rights because of their supervisory power and their power to suspend the rules of procedure. State v. Stead, 186 Conn. 222, 228, 440 A.2d 299 (1982).
Different reasoning might be used for restoration of appellate rights, as opposed to reinstatement of appellate rights, if the defendant’s own conduct
Practice Book § 4040 (a) “does not provide the trial court with power to extend the time period for filing an appeal more than twenty days from the expiration date of the original appeal period.” DeTeves v. DeTeves, supra, 202 Conn. 298.
Because of the unusual posture of the case, we “conclude that under our supervisory authority ... we would have granted a timely motion to file a late appeal seeking the exercise of that authority”; State v. Stead, supra, 186 Conn. 228; had one been filed.
General Statutes § 52-470 (b) creates a jurisdictional bar that prevents the Appellate Court from hearing an appeal from a judgment rendered in a habeas corpus proceeding unless, within ten days after judgment, a petition for certification to appeal is filed. Iovieno v. Commissioner of Correction, 40 Conn. App. 553, 672 A.2d 530, cert. granted, 237 Conn. 910, 675 A.2d 456 (1996). The present case is not an appeal from a habeas proceeding and Iovieno has no application.
We are aware that this conclusion can result in an addition to an appellate docket. Other instances of legislative grants of power to a trial court to add to the docket of the appellate courts exist, however, such as General Statutes § 52-470 (b), allowing a judge before whom a habeas corpus proceeding was tried to certify a question for review and General Statutes § 54-96, allowing a presiding judge to grant permission to the state to take an appeal.
The sixth amendment to the United States constitution provides in relevant part: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.”
Article first, § 8, of the Connecticut constitution provides in relevant part: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have a right to be heard by himself and by counsel . . .
State v. Leecan, supra, 198 Conn. 517, suggests that if a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel arises at trial, becomes known to the defendant, and the same trial court addresses the issue at trial, the defendant or the state may raise this ineffective assistance of counsel issue on direct appeal as long as a record has been established. “It is preferable that all of the claims of ineffective assistance, those arguably supported by the record as well as others requiring an evidentiary hearing, be evaluated by the same trier in the same proceedings. A defendant should not be required to await the outcome of his appeal upon other issues before pursuing his claim of incompetent counsel. If his claim is meritorious, he may often obtain relief in the trial court before his appeal on other issues can be heard, thus mooting such an appeal. An appeal by the state or the defendant from the determination of the incompetency of counsel question may also be joined with a pending appeal from the judgment of conviction, thus allowing a single resolution on appeal of all the claims of error that have been raised.” Id., 541-42.