241 P. 966 | Wash. | 1925
Lead Opinion
Appellant, being dissatisfied with his conviction upon an information charging him not only *393 with the crime of unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor, but with having been twice before convicted of violation of the liquor laws, brings the case here for review.
Several assignments of error are urged, which may be divided into two groups: first, error in admission of testimony; and secondly, insufficiency of the evidence at the close of the state's case to warrant submitting the case to the jury.
Several officers of Clallam county, on August 1, 1924, armed with a search warrant, went to a shack where were found two men and a large quantity of intoxicating liquor. There was also a case of malt syrup and a package of hops addressed to appellant, and they bore evidence that they had come by mail. A man named Hansen was actually in charge, the other being a visitor. At the time the officers took possession of the liquor, they talked with Hansen regarding its ownership. At the trial these officers were permitted to testify that he told them he was making the liquor for appellant and that he had told appellant he was afraid he would be caught, but was assured there was no danger. They also testified that, while they were talking with Hansen, an automobile drove close to the shack and that Hansen told them "here comes Tom (meaning appellant) after another load, and if you wait you can probably catch him." The person driving the car, however, was not caught at that time. Appellant was not present during any of the conversation referred to, but was arrested some time later. Timely objections were made to the introduction of this evidence.
It was the contention of the state that, inasmuch as there was evidence connecting appellant with Hansen, and it appeared that they were jointly engaged in the manufacture and possession of the liquor, there was *394
such a concert of action that the statements of one could be used against the other. The state relies upon our decisions to the effect that, where two or more persons are shown to have acted in concert, the acts and statements of each, although in the absence of the other party, are admissible against him. State v.Pettit,
But this rule has no application where the conspiracy has come to an end and the things that are said or done are not in furtherance of the conspiracy. Especially is this true where the statements sought to be shown are made by one who made them to exculpate himself and to inculpate another. 16 Corpus Juris, §§ 1305, 1309.
It is quite apparent that, when the officers made the raid, any statements made thereafter by Hansen could not be in furtherance of the conspiracy, because nothing he did or said would tend to accomplish the object for which the conspiracy was formed. State v. Nist,
The admission of this testimony was error, but appellant promptly cured it. Inasmuch as the package of hops and case of malt syrup found on the premises had come through the mail and were addressed to appellant, it became necessary for him to explain this seeming ownership to the jury. In seeking to deny it, he called Hansen as a witness, who testified that the liquor and malt syrup and hops were his own property and not that of appellant, and testified that appellant *395 had gotten the ingredients in Seattle at Hansen's request and mailed them to him, but that they were addressed to appellant. Hanson assumed all responsibility for the crime in question.
He was also asked by appellant's counsel whether he had ever made the statements to the officers that the liquor was appellant's. This he positively denied. Appellant having offered the evidence of the witness Hansen that the liquor and ingredients belonged to him (Hansen), it would then be proper for the state to cross-examine him as to whether he stated to the officers the night of the raid that the property belonged to appellant, and if he denied it the same as he did here on direct examination by appellant's counsel, it would be proper rebuttal for the state to offer the evidence of the officers contradicting him. As far as appellant is concerned, it could make no difference whether this testimony concerning Hansen's statements to the officers was given in rebuttal or offered as a part of the state's case in chief. While the proper order of proof would be to offer it in rebuttal, the only question that appellant can raise in regard to it now is whether without this evidence there was a sufficient showing by the state in chief to authorize the court in putting appellant to his defense, and this raises the second error urged by appellant.
We have carefully examined the record and are satisfied that there was sufficient evidence to go to the jury. In addition to the mailed packages found in the room, addressed to appellant, and which contained the ingredients from which the intoxicating liquor (beer) was being made, there were approximately 400 bottles of beer on hand, and the quantity thereof was sufficient to suggest that it was being manufactured for the purpose of sale. Appellant was seen several times shortly prior to the raid in a certain Ford car, and on the night *396 in question while the officers were on the premises where the raid was made, the lights of a car were seen coming down the road. It came to a short distance from the shack, when the driver, evidently seeing the sheriff's car, tried to turn his own car around, but being unable to do so abandoned it. The car contained two cases of caps and a sack of empties, indicating that it was being used in connection with the manufacture and sale of the liquor which the officers found. Upon examination, this car was found to be the same one that appellant had been seen driving, and when the driver ran away from the car, at least three persons who saw him testified that, while they could not positively identify the person as being appellant, they saw someone who looked like appellant, "and should judge that it was him." The weight of this evidence was for the jury.
It appearing, therefore, that there is no reversible error in the case, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
TOLMAN, C.J., MACKINTOSH, PARKER, and MITCHELL, JJ., concur.
Dissenting Opinion
Upon the re-argument, this cause was presented upon a point which, though referred to in the former opinion, had not been discussed in the briefs upon the original hearing, or in oral argument at that time, and I am now of the view that the opinion as reported is in error upon this point. I have reference to the admission in the state's case in chief of evidence of a conversation had by officers with one Hansen, and the court's allowing them to testify as to Hansen's statements connecting the appellant with the crime. The opinion states that the admission of this testimony was erroneous, but holds that the error was cured. As I now view it, the statements were improperly admitted and the error was not cured.
At the time the testimony was introduced by the state in its case in chief, it was introduced as substantive proof of the appellant's guilt. It tended to establish the fact that the appellant was the owner and possessor of intoxicating liquor; and, of course, although improperly admitted, was necessarily of great weight with the jury in pointing to the conclusion that the appellant was guilty. With that evidence in the case, which, *402
parenthetically it may be stated, was about the strongest evidence in the record of the appellant's guilt, it became necessary for the appellant to meet it. He, in self defense, was forced to place upon the stand the witness Hansen to deny that the statements had ever been made. The error was not cured by this act of the appellant, for the production of Hansen as a witness was forced by the original error. The use by a person, against whom improper testimony has been admitted, of improper testimony on his own part to meet it, is not a waiver of the original erroneous ruling. Where the subsequent evidence is introduced merely in self defense to explain or overcome the original evidence, the person producing the subsequent evidence has not thereby lost his right to claim as error the admission of the original evidence. Chicago City R. Co. v. Uhter,
Upon another ground, the error must be held not to have been cured. The testimony produced by the state could only have been properly admitted in rebuttal as impeaching Hansen's testimony, if Hansen was produced as a witness by the appellant. That testimony would only be relevant and to be considered by the jury as affecting the degree of credit to be given to Hansen's testimony. It was purely impeaching evidence, and if it had been introduced in the state's case in rebuttal, would have been admissible. But to allow the state to impeach the appellant's witnesses before those witnesses have been introduced, and before, as a matter of fact, it was determined that they were to be introduced, is to take out of the hands of the appellant the conduct of his own case, to either force him to place witnesses upon the stand whom he otherwise might not use, or to place those witnesses upon the stand with a cloud already over them. This would be, as a practical *403 matter, a most dangerous condition to allow to obtain. If such a rule were established, it would place in the hands of plaintiffs in civil as well as criminal cases the opportunity, by introducing impeaching testimony in the case in chief, to minimize the effect of the testimony of the witnesses thereafter introduced by the defendant. Independently, therefore, of the question of whether the testimony at the time it was introduced was substantive testimony or was merely impeaching, it, in either event, was such an error that it was not cured by the appellant's production of Hansen as a witness.
There have been of late a number of wrecks of old and serviceable rules of practice, but that should not excuse the throwing overboard of the remaining charts, blindfolding the pilot and allowing the trial of a lawsuit to take its own uncontrolled course. The advantage to the plaintiff of impeaching the defendant's witnesses in advance and forcing the defendant to meet improper, but damaging evidence, more than compensates for the burden usually on a plaintiff to sustain his case by the preponderance of the evidence. Defendants are destined to stormy voyages under sails such as this opinion hoists.
For the reason that I am now of the opinion that the judgment should be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial, I dissent.
FULLERTON and PARKER, JJ., concur with MACKINTOSH, J. *404
Addendum
Appellant insists that, because the evidence offered by the state in chief as to statements of the witness Hansen was offered as substantive testimony, it became error which could not thereafter be cured. The authority for this statement is Wigmore on Evidence (2d ed.) p. 189. The text, to our minds, does not support such a construction. It reads:
"Waiver of Objections. . . . Another instance is the curing of an error of admission by the opponent's subsequent use of evidence similar to that already objected to;"
The note appended to this text is as follows:
"But it is otherwise where the subsequent evidence is introduced merely in self-defense to explain or rebut the original evidence;"
citing Chicago City R. Co. v. Uhter,
The reason for such a rule is apparent. When one is confronted with improper evidence, he is compelled to meet it in his defense with the same kind; but the rule is entirely otherwise if the evidence offered is not *398
in defense as to the improper testimony, but is offered in defense against the original charge; and then, upon the question of the witness' impeachment, the evidence becomes competent. We have already committed ourselves to this doctrine in State v.MacLeod,
"It may be admitted, for the purpose of this decision only, that the evidence offered as to intoxication was inadmissible as a part of the state's case. The defendant went upon the stand and testified in his own behalf. In rebuttal, for the purpose of affecting his credibility, the evidence as to intoxication at the times and places mentioned would have been competent. Where offered evidence is not competent at the time admitted, but becomes competent by the development of the trial, the fact that it was admitted irregularly does not constitute reversible error."
The same view was taken by the supreme court of Missouri inState v. Beedle, 180 S.W. (Mo.) 888. In that action, it was urged that the state had improperly offered evidence in chief as to similar crimes when such evidence would only have been proper in rebuttal, after the defendant had offered testimony regarding his intent. The court said:
"While ordinarily the offense of carrying a pistol is not such an offense as to set in motion the rule that the intent with which the act is done may be shown by proof of other crimes of the same kind in the same vicinity and about the same time, yet the peculiar defense relied on in the instant case made the matter of *399 intent an important fact in issue. Indeed, it became the only question in issue, and proof of defendant's actions with this pistol in the same town and shortly before the having of the pistol by the defendant in the barber shop would have been clearly competent in rebuttal. Since it would have been competent in rebuttal, shall we convict the learned trial court of error and reverse this case, because he let this proof casting light upon defendant's intent into the case by the state's evidence in chief rather than in rebuttal? We do not think we should countenance such an ultra refinement of technicality and disallow this contention. We do this the more readily since the learned counsel for defendant before this evidence came in had already said in his opening statement that the defense would be on the sole issue of the intent with which defendant had the pistol, and since, as we state above, this turned out to be the sole defense urged, or shown in the defendant's proof."
While it is apparent from the above decision that one of the motives which induced the trial court to permit this evidence in chief was the statement of defendant's counsel that he was going to show a certain state of facts, yet we think the real reason governing the appellate court's action was that the testimony in view of all the evidence in the case, was competent.
Appellant admits that the offered evidence was proper impeaching evidence; and, if it had been introduced in the state's case in rebuttal, would have been admissible. It may not be amiss to illustrate the practical effect of the situation as presented to the trial court. A reference to the Departmental opinion will show that Hansen was produced as a witness by the defense, not to deny the statements alleged to have been made to the officers, but in behalf of the defendant to explain away the incriminating evidence of the materials used in making the intoxicating liquor, which bore the name of appellant, and which also showed evidence *400 of having been delivered by a common carrier. In doing this, Hansen claimed to be the owner of the materials in question. Upon being asked if he had made statements to the officers that the materials belonged to appellant, he denied the same. If the state, in rebuttal, had attempted to recall the same officers who had testified in chief to prove that he had stated otherwise, the court would not have permitted it, upon the ground that that evidence had already been heard by the jury. If, at the close of all the evidence, appellant had requested the court to strike the testimony of the officers, the court would have been compelled to refuse the motion, because, even though improperly admitted, in the first instance, it was competent evidence in rebuttal, and belonged in the case. If the court could not strike this testimony because clearly competent, then, to hold with appellant on this issue would place us in the position of reversing the action of the trial court because of the order in which the proof was received, the very thing we held in State v. MacLeod,supra, would not be done.
The suggestion that the jury would consider this as substantive testimony is equally untenable, for no request was made by appellant to have the jury instructed to consider it only as a matter of impeachment. If counsel for appellant had requested that the jury be instructed to consider it only as impeaching testimony, and the court refused, a different question would be presented.
Nor does it seem that the introduction of such impeaching testimony in chief prejudiced the appellant in the trial of the action, or took away from him the manner of presenting his defense. It may be conceded that the courts will not permit an intentional disregard of the usual and customary method of procedure as to *401 the time when evidence shall be produced in a case; and, if the record evidenced an intention on the part of the prosecutor or the court to take any advantage of the defendant, we should not hesitate to interfere; but the record shows that both the prosecutor and the trial court were of the opinion that this was proper evidence at the time of its reception. It clearly appears that it was competent at the close of appellant's case, and that no prejudice could possibly have resulted.
The judgment of the trial court is right and it is affirmed.
TOLMAN, C.J., HOLCOMB, MAIN, and MITCHELL, JJ., concur.