73 Mo. 695 | Mo. | 1881
The sufficiency of the indictment will first be examined.
It is no ground of objection that the names of the material witnesses for the State were not indorsed thereon. The only consequence growing out of such failure is, that no continuance on account of the absence of such witnesses will be granted the State, save upon the affidavit of the prosecuting attorney. R. S. 1879, § 1802; State v. Nugent, 71 Mo. 136. Besides, the names of the principal witnesses were indorsed on the indictment prior to the motion to quash.
Nor is the indictment obnoxious to objection because of any supposed vagueness or other uncertainty; because charging two assaults in one count, or because it charges divers mortal wmunds were inflicted, whereof the deceased died. It was proper to charge two assaults in the same count, if this was in accordance with the facts. Eor sometimes the murderous result is only attained after repeated assaults, and is' as much attributable to one assault as to another. 3 Chitty Crim. Law, 764, 777; Com. v. Stafford, 12 Cush. 619; People v. Davis, 56 N. Y. 100.
And it was equally competent to charge that death occurred as the result of several mortal wounds, without specifying which one caused death, as this would not have been susceptible of proof, and the charge need not be more definite than the evidence requisite to support it. In the State v. Draper, 65 Mo. 335, the concluding words of the charge were: “In and upon the breast of him, the said Gilbert, and in and upon the belly of him, the said Gilbert, four mortal wounds, etc., of which said mortal wouuds the said Gilbert did then and there instantly dieand held sufficient. Under our statute relating to practice in criminal cases, “ No indictment shall be deemed invalid, nor judgment thereon arrested, for want of any averment
The concluding words of the charge here are: “ Of which said ¿aortal wounds, and the mortal wounds, bruises and contusions inflicted as aforesaid, the said James G-. Clark then and there died,” and we hold them suflicient-
II.
No error occurred in overruling the motion to remand the cause to Morgan county. It is true that a change of venue had been taken to the circuit court of that county, but subsequently to that time the indictment on which the-defendant was tried was found, and after its finding and before the motion aforesaid was filed, a nolle prosequi was-entered in the Morgan circuit court. - It would, therefore, in the circumstances detailed, have been as palpably erroneous to have granted the motion, and by granting it sent the cause to the circuit court of Morgan county, as it would have been to have sent the cause to any other circuit court whatsoever; because the jurisdiction of the Morgan circuit court over the case ceased at once when the action we have stated was taken. And it was perfectly competent for the grand jury of Henry county to find the second bill of indictment, notwithstanding a change of venue had been awarded to Morgan county. The circuit court of that county was indeed possessed of the cause, but this did not prevent the grand jury of Henry county from finding another bill, any more than they would have been thus prevented, had no change of venue been taken. The jurisdiction over the cause is one thing ; the power and duty to find a new bill of indictmentupon whose charges that clause shall be tried, is another and totally distinct and different thing. State v. Tisdale, 2 Dev. & Bat. 159. Our statute expressly recognizes the right of a grand jury to find one indictment pending another, by providing that the indictment first found shall be quashed. And under that statute we have ruled that until such quashing occurs, no trial can
At common law the rule was different. A second indictment might be found and the accused be put to trial on it, the first indictment being undetermined. Com. v. Drew, 3 Cush. 279, and cases cited; Dutton v. State, 5 Ind. 533, and cases cited; 1 Whart. Crim. Law, §§ 521, 547. It is unnecessary to say what would be our ruling had not the nolle prosequi been entered in the Morgan circuit court an- ■ terior to the trial.
In Texas, a trial upon a second indictment found against the defendant alone, has been held valid, where prior to that time a change of venue was had, the defendAnt being jointly indicted with another for the same offense and .the change of venue taken at the instance of the co-defendant and over the objections of the party tried, and that indictment still pending. But that ruling was grounded in part upon the peculiar circumstances surrounding the case as presented by the record. Cock v. State, 8 Tex. App. 659. That case has obviously no relevancy here, and we need neither approve nor disapprove it.
Nor can it be said that the ruling of the lower court asserts the doctrine that a party defendant may be deprived of the right of a change of venue at the “ mere caprice of the prosecuting attorney.” If the original cause for the change of venue still existed, it was still as competent for the defendant to insist upon a change of venue as it was at first. But it was certainly not competent for him, after the Morgan circuit court had lost all jurisdiction, to reinvest that court with jurisdiction by a motion to that effect. This would be violative of statutory provisions respecting a change of venue, and place that change at the mere caprice of the party indicted. But in this case there was no cause for the change, and none is alleged. The original cause, the “prejudice of the judge” of the Henry circuit court, had ceased, and that judge was no longer judge of that cojirt. This, we believe, was conceded to be the Case
III.
The next point for consideration is, whether the confessions of defendant were properly admitted. He was arrested at Sedalia on the 4th day of December, 1868, by the sheriff of Pettis county, to whom he was pointed out by one of a party of citizens who started in pursuit of the murderer of a man named Clark, found dead on the prairie near Le.esville, in Henry county. Defendant had taken a wagon to a blacksmith shop, and returning to the livery stable with the team, he was arrested. Upon his arrest he made inquiry of the sheriff' for what he was arrested, and on being told that it was for murder committed near Lees-ville, he said: “I have not been out with a wagon, but my partner has.” Asked where he had been, he could give no account only that he was “out in the country around;” and made a similar reply in response to a question where he had been on a certain night. He said, if taken to the hotel where he had stopped, he would point out the name of his “ partner.” He had registered his name as John W. Patterson, and pointed out a name just beneath his own as the one he had promised to designate. He was afterwards left by the sheriff' at the mayor’s office during the rest of the day, and at night under the charge of the pursuing party. There, being asked if he had any money or papers,
During the stay in Sedalia something was said about a mob, but nothing, it seems, in the defendant’s presence or hearing. At night, while he was being guarded at the mayor’s office — after his statement as to the killing — several men came up stairs and knocked at the door — and one got on the roof and looked through the skylight — and upon being asked who were there, made no reply, but went off, and the persons guarding defendant said they would shoot the first man that attempted to come through the door j and defendant thereupon remarked: “Boys, my hair stood on end. If it had not been for you they would have mobbed me!”
The next day, accompanied by the sheriff of Pettis county, the arresting party took the prisoner to Henry county before a magistrate, who committed him to jail. On the way there, and when something like fifteen miles from Sedalia, near Elat Creek, and while the prisoner and Hornbeck were riding along together, the prisoner, his hands being free, but his feet tied under the horse, which Hornbeck was leading, the rest of the party not being within hearing, the prisoner fell into a conversation with Hornbeck and commenced speaking again about “ his partner,” when Hornbeck observed: “ It is no use for you to
There is no branch of the law of evidence in such inextricable confusion as that relative to confessions. Oases there are in abundance, where in one instance a confession has been held clearly admissible, where a confession in like circumstances in all substantial particulars, has been held clearly inadmissible! The conflict of authority is absolutely irreconcilable. We, therefore, shall be content with citing some of the authorities and stating our reasons for holding the confession, the details of which have already been given, as admissible.
Greenleaf, to whose work we aré cited, states : “ Before any confession can be received in evidence in a criminal case, it must be shown that it was voluntary.” 1 Greenleaf Ev., § 219. This assertion in all its broadness is not supported by the authorities. Wharton lays down the rule quite differently: “ In order to exclude evidence of a prisoner’s confession, it must appear affirmatively that some inducement to confess was held out to him, by or in the presence of some one having authority.” 1 Am. Crim. Law, § 698. Roscoe is thought to state the rule more accurately. He says: “Eor the purpose of introducing a confession, it is unnecessary in general, to negative any promise or inducement, unless there is good reason to suspect that something of the kind has taken place.” Roscoe Crim. Ev., 54; 1 Ib., 40; Rex v. Clewes, 4 C. & P. 221; Whart. Crim. Ev., § 689 ; 6 St. Tr. 807; Reg v. Garner, 1 Den. C. C. 329; Reg. v. Williams, 3 Russ. on Crimes, 432. In the case last cited Taunton, J., said: “A confession is presumed to be voluntary unless the contrary is shown, and as no threat or promise is proved to have been made by the constables, it is not to be presumed.” In that case the one of Rex v. Swatkins, 4 C. & P. 548, was commented on, but there there were suspicious circumstances attend
In the case at bar, as already seen, express denial was rhade of any inducement being held out to the prisoner. This denial would, however, avail nothing if, in introducing evidence of the confession it appeared that inducements-were really, though unintentionally, held out. Com. v. Taylor, 5 Cush. 605. Does the evidence, then, touching the confession and the surrounding circumstances bear about them indications of such influences that the law will not sanction ? In short, is there ground for belief that the prisoner has falsely accused himself as guilty of a capital crime? If these questions be answered in the negative, the confession was receivable. It belongs alone, as was decided at an early day in this State, to the judicial province to determine as a preliminary question whether a confession was made with that degree of freedom which ought to occasion its admission as evidence. Hector v. State, 2 Mo. 166. This is the general doctrine. 1 Whart. Crim. Law, § 698, and cases cited; 1 Glf. Ev., § 219, and cases-cited; 1 Chitty Crim. Law, § 570. And unless there was manifest error in admitting the confession, its being admitted should not cause a reversal of the judgment. Fife v. Com., 29 Pa. St. 429.
We, however, in the exercise of our revisory functions, discover no error whatever on this point by the trial court. The law is settled now that a confession to be inadmissible must be made to an officer of the law, in consequence of improper influences exerted by him, and if no threat of harm or promise of worldly advantage be made by such official, or by the master of the accused when directly concerned, the-confession is admissible. 1 Am. Crim. Law, §§ 686, 692, andcases cited; Whart. Crim. Ev., § 651. In the first instance, when the prisoner was searched in the mayor’s office and told he had “better tell the straight truth,” it does not appear that the sherifí was present; it would seem that he was not. But even if he was, it is difficult to see how these
Nor does it matter that the feet of the prisoner were tied at the time. Franklin v. State, 28 Ala. 9. Nor can the words of Hornbeck, when conversing with the prisoner, be held, as calculated to excite either hope or fear of either temporal benefit or injury. State v. Grant, 22 Me. 171. They amount to neither promise nor threat. So that even should Hornbeck be regarded as a person in authority, this fact should not exclude the confession. In Hawkins v. The State, 7 Mo. 190, the sheriff observed to the prisoner that “ It would be better in the long run to tell the truth about the matter, and not any lies,” but gave no reason why it would be better, and the confession made to a third person in the presence of the officer and occurring a few minutes thereafter, was held admissible. So in Fouts v. The State, 8 Ohio St. 98, where the accused, being placed in custody, was told by his custodian: “ If he was guilty it would not put him in any worse condition, and he had better tell the truth at all times;” and held no ground for excluding
The general tendency of modern adjudication is to disregard any objection as to the admissibility of a confession not based upon a threat or promise made or sanctioned by a person in authority. Whart. Crim. Ev., § 651. Several of the earlier cases in England which went to an extreme in rejecting confessions, have been overruled. In Reg. v. Baldry, 12 Eng. Law & Eq. 590, Park, Baron, observed: “I cannot look at some of the decisions without some shame, when I consider what objections have prevailed to prevent the reception of confessions in evidence; and I agree with the observation * * that the rule has been extended quite too far, and that justice and common sense have too frequently been sacrificed at the shrine of mercy.”
Eor the reasons aforesaid, the confession in the case at bar must be held properly admitted.
IV.
We pass now to the consideration of the proof of the corpus delicti. It is claimed that the allegation that James G. Clark is dead, has not been proven. The confession to Hornbeck does not show what was the Christian name of the Clark who was killed. The defendant, however, when told by the sheriff in Illinois that he was arrested for the murder of James G. Clark, in Missouri, in 1868, said “Gentlemen, I am your man. I did it, and the people there know it, and there is no use denying it.” But this express admission that the name of the murdered man was James G. Clark, and the confession to Hornbeck that “ Clark” was murdered by defendant, would not be sufficient, if standing alone, to fasten the murder charged in the indictment upon him. Eor in the United States the generally current doc
Let us see then what corroboration of the confession,, if any, is afforded by the other testimony in the case. Anderson testified: In the spring of 1868, a man named James G. Clark, aged about thirty to thirty-five years, and having no family, moved to St. Clair county, a few miles from Roscoe. He bought a piece of land of Anderson. In the fall he left, saying to Anderson that he was going to St. Louis to procure money to pay for the land, but he never returned or paid for the land. The testimony of Roberts, hotel keeper at Osceola, is to the effect that one James G. Clark, between thirty and thirty-five years old, came to his house in 1867, and stopped there frequently and was frequently away; that he had bought a piece of land in the western’part of the county and was there occasionally; that in the fall of 1868 he left Roberts’ house to go to St. Louis and never returned. Cory testified that in July, 1868, he lived a few miles from. Roscoe; that he became acquainted with one James G. Clark, who looked to be thirty-five to forty years old, and who had bought a piece of land near him and was improving it; that in the latter part of November, 1868, he went away, to be temporarily absent, but never returned. Elliston testified that in tbe spring of 1867, he was living near Roscoe in St. Clair county, and knew a man there named James G. Clark.
In December, 1868¿|a man named Clark, apparently about thirty years of age, stopped and stayed all night with one Bradley, who lived near a creek named Tebo, where the Sedaba and Carthage road crosses that stream. Clark had a young man, quite young looking, twenty-one to twenty-three years old, hauling lumber for him, who came up to get feed and camped on the creek some 300 yards distant. After Clark ate his supper, he went toward the creek, was gone about fifteen minutes, and then re
On the 1st day of December, 1868, about ten o’clock a. m., Hudson, when going north toward Sedalia, saw a young man, (who afterward told him in Sedalia his name was John W. Patterson,) at the crossing of Pretty Bob creek, where the Sedalia and Osceola road crosses that creek, one and a half miles south of Cole’s station, near where Hudson lived. The young man was driving a covered wagon with a stiff tongue and loaded with lumber, and when witness saw him was squatted down, washing liis hands, while his horses were standing in the creek drinking. On seeing Hudson the young man jumped up, turned his team around and looked at Hudson over his left shoulder. Hudson noticed when he cx’ossed the creek that the last wagon that crossed the creek was a broad tired wagon.Something like a quarter of a mile from that point he observed that the broad tired wagon had come into the road on his left; this was on the open prairie and he could see the track plainly. Gloing fux’ther he saw where the same wagon had left the road, the two points being distant some 300 yax’ds, and he continued to notice the wagon track until he reached home. On returning home the night of the 2nd day of December, he was informed that a dead man had been found out on the pi’airie; went out thei’e uext-morning, saw the body, went to the wagon tracks he had seen on the prairie and from there went to where the man was lying, and followed them until they went into the road again, at which point it was some 300 yards from the body, and some 250 yards fi’om the l’oad out on the prairie. The head of the coi’pse was broken and the skull mashed
It appears further that the road from Sedalia to Rosnoe passes through the little town of Brownington; that in November or December, 1868, late in the day, a young man, apparently eighteen to twenty-one years of age, came to that place, driving a broad-tired covered wagon loaded with lumber; he was traveling south; said he was from Sedalia with a load of lumber; this he. unloaded; stayed all night; the next morning he left, stating he was going back to Sedalia, and went back with the wagon and team in that direction. The next day after he left, it being rumored that a man had been killed on the prairie, the lumber being examined “ blood and plenty of it,” was found thereon. In August, 1880, the young man was picked out by Avery from among three prisoners as the one seen by him at Brownington.
On the 2nd day of December, 1868, Hill, who lived in one mile of Pretty Bob creek and one and a quarter mile from where the dead body was found on the prairie, when hauling saw-logs in the forenoon, three miles south of Cole’s station, saw a heavy two-horse covered wagon on the Sedalia road headed north. The driver of this wagon left his team, ran down the hill some 150 yards, and picked up something; went back to his wagon, crawled in and drove on. Hill was with the arresting party when one John "W. Patterson was captured at Sedalia; and Patterson, after his arrest, being asked by Hill what it was he
When we contrast, when we place in juxtaposition, the facts detailed in the confession of the defendant, with those established aliunde, there is no room to doubt that there is a strong, indeed a very remarkable coincidence between those confessed and those otherwise proven. These coincidences, above detailed, are so apparent as to need no pointing out. It would seem beyond the range of all reasonable hypothesis that the allegations of facts made in a confession, should so closely correspond in their general features, and in many of their minute details with those established by outside testimony, and yet the self-accusing confessor be held guiltless of the crime whereof he is charged. It is unnecessary that the corpus delicti be established by direct and positive testimony; that, in addition to the confession, the dead body be positively and directly identified as that of the person charged in the indictment to have been murdered. It is sufficient, in addition to the extra-judicial confessions, which in this instance in express terms admit all that the indictment charges, that there be. such extrinsic corroborative circumstances,-* as will, taken in connection with the confession, produce conviction of
Y.
So far as concerns the instructions, it suffices to say that the first in behalf of the State correctly defines the offense of which the defendant was convicted; and it is impossible that the others likewise given for the State, though incorrect, could have operated prejudicially to the defendant, and an instruction touching any degree of homicide other than murder in the first degree, would have been unwarranted by the evidence. State v. Hopper, 71 Mo. 425; State v. Talbott, ante, p. 347.
YI.
.As to the admission of testimony respecting the letter
YII.
Relative to the other testimony concerning the lumber, trunk and other articles said to belong to the deceased, it is enough to say that the evidence otherwise so clearly establishes defendant’s guilt that evidence of such a nature could not have changed the result. Rex v. Ball, 1 Russ. & Ry. 132.
It only remains, therefore, to say that the sentence pronounced by the circuit court must be carried into execution.