State v. ParksState v. Parks
In this matter we consider when a police officer can make an investigatory stop of a motor vehicle driver when a police mobile
The State and the defendant stipulated the following factual events leading to the issuance of two motor vehicle summonses to defendant. On July 31, 1994, at approximately 7:49 a.m., defendant was driving a 1984 Chevrolet station wagon. Although Police Officer Yarzab, who was following the vehicle, observed no violations of law, he checked the registration (license plate) of the car in his police computer. He learned the vehicle was registered to David Parks; David Parks’ driver‘s license was suspended; David Parks was born in 1961, was in weight class six,1 was five feet eight inches tall, and was a male. The officer did not recognize the driver of the vehicle and had no prior familiarity with Parks, but was able to see the driver from the shoulders up as he followed in his patrol car. From that viewpoint, he believed there was a “general match” to the information revealed by the computer in that the driver was approximately the right age, right weight and right height.
Officer Yarzab stopped the station wagon and the driver (defendant), upon inquiry from the officer, admitted his license was suspended. He also failed to produce proof of insurance. Summonses were then issued for driving with a suspended license, in violation of
After the municipal judge denied his motion to dismiss the charges, defendant was convicted of each charge. He appealed to the Law Division and again moved to dismiss, but the Law Division judge denied the motion and defendant was again convicted. He was sentenced to pay appropriate fines, serve a term of community service and his driver‘s license was further suspended for an aggregate of two years.
Defendant‘s narrow argument on appeal is that the officer lacked a reasonable particularized suspicion to stop the driver of the station wagon, because the officer was not in a position to identify the driver as the person described in the vehicle‘s registration and related records found by the computer. He urged each trial court to find the stop was made illegally because the officer “can point to nothing particular that told him that [the] man behind that wheel, when he only sees the back of his head, is David Parks.” In the Law Division, defendant characterized the stop as “random” and argued that from the police officer‘s location in a patrol car behind the station wagon, the officer could not observe anything about the defendant other than sex.
The United States Supreme Court has held that “except in those situations in which there is at least articulable and reasonable suspicion that a motorist is unlicensed ... stopping an automobile and detaining the driver in order to check his driver‘s license ... [is] unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.” Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 663, 99 S.Ct. 1391, 1401, 59 L.Ed.2d 660, 663 (1979). Our Supreme Court has held that the articulable reasons causing a police officer to suspect criminal activity must be based on the totality of circumstances he faces. State v. Davis, 104 N.J. 490, 504, 517 A.2d 859 (1986). An investigatory stop of a person who might be involved in criminal activity is valid “only if the officer has a `particularized suspicion’ based on an objective observation that the person stopped has been or is about to engage in criminal wrongdoing.” Ibid.
Each trial judge recognized that the stipulation presented only a limited version of the underlying facts. That is, it was stipulated that the officer knew the vehicle owner‘s sex, height, weight and age and that the officer “believe[d] that there was a general match,” of that information to the person observed driving the vehicle. There was no direct or cross-examination of the officer to flesh out this broad statement of fact. The trial judges accepted it as meaning that in the officer‘s opinion, there was a general match. As the Law Division judge said: “The only way to assess that is to have a trial, and thus determine the credibility where you‘d bring out these very things.” Although full examination and cross-examination of the arresting officer would certainly have produced a better record for initial fact finding and for appellate review, the lower court judges had to rely on the stipulation at face value, as do we.
The added coincidental fact that six weeks later the same officer stopped the same vehicle after a similar lookup, only to find that someone other than defendant was the driver, is of no moment.2 That circumstance does not impact on the reasonableness of Officer Yarzab‘s particularized suspicion at the time he stopped defendant.
The State urges us to hold that once the officer learns from the mobile data terminal that the vehicle‘s owner does not have a valid driver‘s license, the officer is authorized to stop and detain
We conclude that Officer Yarzab reasonably believed there was a “general match” of the computerized information to his observations of the driver of the station wagon. That constituted a particularized suspicion that the driver was operating while on the revoked list, permitting the officer to make a investigatory stop of the vehicle to ascertain the driver‘s identity.
Affirmed.