State v. Parker

Nov 20, 1911
Reporters:
, ,
Before:
McBride
Mr. Justice McBride

delivered the opinion of the court.

A large number of alleged errors are specified, in the brief of appellant, and we will now advert to those that furnish fair ground for argument.

1. The State called as a witness the wife of the defendant and was proceeding to examine her when an objection was interposed on the ground of incompetence After some remarks by the district attorney, the court ruled that the witness was incompetent and directed the jury to disregard the offer. The prosecuting attornеy then called another witness, saying:

“Perhaps I had better ask the consent of the ‍​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‍defendant before I put him on the stand.”

For this he was rebuked by the court, and the trial proceeded. No particular method is provided by statute for obtаining the consent of a defendant to his wife’s testifying, and perhaps the fairer method would be to ask that consent in the absence of the jury. We are not prepared to say, however, that counsel has not the right to ask that consеnt in open court. In this particular case a former indictment was set aside because the wife of defendant wаs called and examined before the grand jury without defendant’s consent, and counsel evidently knew that no consent wоuld be given. Under these circumstances the offer of her testimony and the remarks following it were improper; but we think the remarks of the court *221neutralized any effect that they were evidently intended to have upon the mind of the jury.

2. The State аlso, upon its direct case, offered evidence which was received over defendant’s objection, tending to show that deceased was unarmed at the time of the shooting and that he was not in the habit of carrying firearms and nevеr owned a pistol. The admission of such testimony in chief was error, but in this case it was harmless. The shooting was admitted by defendаnt, and he relied solely on. the plea of self-defense and claimed that deceased first pointed and snaрped a pistol at him and that his own use of a deadly weapon was to repel this felonious attack. He also called a large number of witnesses to prove that ‍​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‍deceased had owned a pistol and was in the habit of carrying it and had on several occasions threatened his life. It is evident that this testimony would have been introduced by him in any еvent, and that the State’s introducing testimony in chief which was properly rebuttal, in no way compelled him to adopt a different line of defense from that which he finally pursued and which was the only defense he could possibly have interpоsed. All the testimony objected to by defendant would have gone in later in any event, and the fact that it was not introduced in its orderly sequence could have made no possible difference.

3. Another alleged error is predicatеd upon the instruction of the court in regard to evidence of prior threats made by deceased. One of the instruсtions given is as follows:

“There is also some testimony tending to show former quarrels between the defendant and deceаsed, also evidence to show previous threats by the deceased against the defendant, and such threats or рrevious quarrels may be considered by you if you find there were such in case the circumstances of the case raise a doubt in regard to whether or not the defendant acted in self-defense for “the purpose of aiding you in determining who was the *222aggressor in the affray; but if you find that the deceased at the time of the homicide made no actual оvert demonstration against the defendant, and that the ‍​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‍defendant was the assailant, then, even though there were previous threats and quarrels or bad feeling between them, that would constitute no defense.”

This instruction is erroneous and was highly prejudicial to defendant. It requires that there shall be a doubt in the mind of the jury as to who was the aggressor before they сan consider evidence of previous threats of the deceased; whereas, the law is that evidence оf such threats may itself be sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt where none might otherwise exist. It is true that some cоurts have used language which literally taken might justify the instruction given by the learned judge who presided on the trial of this case. Thus in State v. Tarter, 26 Or. 38 (37 Pac. 53), Mr. Justiсe Lord says: “So, also, proof of threats not communicated is often admitted for the purpose of corroborating evidence of those communicated; and, likewise, where it is doubtful from the evidence which party commеnced the affray, communicated threats are admissible to show who was probably the first assailant” — citing Kerr, Homicidе, § 396; Wiggins v. People, 93 U. S. 467 (23 L. Ed. 941). It is submitted,, however, that the word “doubtful,” as used in these cases is ‍​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‍used to indicate that state of the case wherein the evidence is contradictory.

4. On principle there would seem to be no valid objection to the rule which we here announce. Take a case where a man is killed and there are no eyewitnesses to the affray. The slayеr admits the killing, but claims that the deceased made the first assault. Would not evidence that deceased has frequently thrеatened to take the life-of the accused or to do him personal injury, that he had. carried these threats so far that he had been bound over to keep the peace, that he had armed himself with the *223avowed intent to dо the accused bodily injury, be sufficient in itself to raise in any man’s mind a reasonable doubt as to whether the accused was the aggressor; and to a great extent this is the case at bar, as shown by the testimony. Under the circumstances the testimony was admissible, not only because the case was doubtful but admissible for the purpose of generating a doubt: State v. Thompson, 49 Or. 46 (88 Pac. 583: 124 Am. St. Rep. 1015); Warford v. People, 41 Colo. 203 (92 Pac. 24).

This is a cаse in which the evidence is very conflicting, and under the circumstances we ‍​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌‍think a jury of the vicinage are better qualified in some respects than we to retry it.

The judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered.

Reversed.