This case is on remand from the Oregon Supreme Court, which vacated our prior decision,
State v. Parker,
With two amplifications noted below, we take the material facts and a description of the procedural history of this case from our decision in
Parker I,
in which we noted that “[t]he trial court expressly found both the police officers’ and the defendant’s accounts of the facts to be ‘accurate, and a fair recitation of what occurred.’ ”
“Consistently with that finding, the salient facts here are as follows: On May 23, 2006, defendant was a passenger in a pickup truck stopped by Portland Police Officers Cioeta and Boman for expired license plate tags. Boman asked the driver and the other passenger for their identification and obtained their information. Cioeta asked defendant if he had any outstanding warrants; defendant replied that he did not. Cioeta then asked for defendant’s identification, wrote down defendant’s information[ 2 ] returned the *390 identification, and then immediately returned to the police vehicle.
“The officers ran all the occupants’ information and checked them for warrants. In the meantime, at least one additional police vehicle arrived on the scene. Boman then asked the driver and another passenger to get out of the truck. The driver was cited for driving while suspended. Boman conducted a patdown search of the other passenger, informed him he was under arrest for an outstanding warrant, and placed him in custody. Cioeta then approached defendant and asked him to get out of the truck. Cioeta asked defendant if he had any weapons; defendant denied that he did.[ 3 ] Cioeta then asked for permission to search defendant, and defendant consented. Cioeta conducted a patdown search of defendant and retrieved a switchblade knife from defendant’s pants pocket. Defendant was arrested and subsequently charged with carrying a concealed weapon.
“Before trial, defendant moved to suppress the evidence. The trial court denied that motion, concluding that ‘regardless of anything that happened before, the consent was freely given and was voluntary.’ Following a stipulated facts trial, the court convicted defendant of carrying a concealed weapon, ORS 166.240(1).”
Id. at 612-13.
As we explained in Parker I, the only issue on appeal was whether the encounter between defendant and the officers was a seizure under Article I, section 9:
“On appeal, defendant assigns error to the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress. Defendant contends that he was unlawfully seized unsupported by reasonable suspicion and that the subsequent inculpatory physical evidence was obtained by exploitation of that unlawful seizure in violation of Article I, section 9. The state’s sole response on appeal is that the encounter between defendant and the officer did not constitute a stop. The state argues that Cioeta did not stop defendant when he asked defendant for his identification because the record does not disclose that defendant was aware that he was the subject of an inquiry.
*391 “The state does not dispute that, on this record, Cioeta acted without reasonable suspicion or that, under the analysis of State v. Hall,339 Or 7 , 34-35,115 P3d 908 (2005), defendant’s consent to the search was sufficiently causally related to the officer’s conduct that the former was the ‘exploited’ product of the latter. See id. (after a defendant presents a minimal factual nexus between a defendant’s consent to search and a prior, unlawful seizure, the state has the burden to prove that such consent was independent of, or only tenuously related to, the prior unlawful seizure).”
Our analysis and disposition of that issue was framed by reference to the construct that we had adopted in
Ashbaugh I,
in which we concluded that “whether the encounter between the officer and defendant [rose] to the level of a
Holmes
type (b) stop”
4
implicated “conjunctive subjective and objective
components
— viz., the defendant subjectively believed that he or she was significantly restrained
and
that belief was objectively reasonable.”
Parker I,
In Ashbaugh II, the Supreme Court reversed our decision in Ashbaugh I. In Ashbaugh II, the Supreme Court “abandoned] forthrightly the subjective component of that *392 part of the Holmes part (b) test” and explained the proper inquiry for determining whether a person has been seized as follows:
“A ‘seizure’ of a person occurs under Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution: (a) if a law enforcement officer intentionally and significantly restricts, interferes with, or otherwise deprives an individual of that individual’s liberty or freedom of movement; or (b) if a reasonable person under the totality of the circumstances would believe that (a) above has occurred.”
Given that repudiation of
Ashbaugh I,
on which our initial decision was predicated, it is patent that we erred in our original disposition,
viz.,
a remand for the trial court to make findings concerning defendant’s subjective belief as to whether his freedom of movement had been restricted.
Parker I,
More specifically, the issue is whether defendant was seized, and therefore stopped, when officer Cioeta (1) asked defendant if he had any warrants, (2) requested defendant’s identification, (3) wrote down defendant’s name and date of birth, and (4) then immediately returned to his vehicle and ran a check to determine whether defendant was the subject of any warrants. In resolving that issue, our decisions in
Highley
and
State v. Radtke,
In
Highley,
which antedated
Ashbaugh I
and was not predicated on our bifurcated construct there, a police officer asked the defendant, who had been a passenger in a vehicle, whether he was on probation.
“Given that defendant was a passenger rather than the driver of the car and thus not the subject of the traffic violation investigation, and further, that the officer had just inquired about defendant’s probationary status, a reasonable person in defendant’s position would believe that the officer wrote down the identifying information and then immediately returned to his car with that information in order to run some type of records check.”
Id.
at 108. Ultimately, we concluded that, in the totality of the circumstances, the defendant understood that he was under investigation and was not free to leave and that such an understanding was objectively reasonable.
See Hall,
We reached a similar conclusion in
Radtke,
which we decided after the Supreme Court vacated and remanded our original decision in that case for reconsideration in light of
Ashbaugh II.
In
Radtke,
“without suspicion that [the defendant] was involved in criminal activity, the officer asked for and received her name and date of birth, wrote that information in a notebook, asked her if she was carrying anything illegal, and, when she said that she was not, asked for and received consent to search her.”
We reasoned in Radtke that “taking a person’s identification for the purpose of checking on the person’s status is one way in which a police officer can show authority that, in combination with other circumstances, can convey to the person whose identification has been obtained that he or she is *394 not free to leave.” Id. at 239-40. Ultimately, applying the principles explained in Ashbaugh II, we concluded that, under the circumstances,
“[a] reasonable inference from [the] sequence of events is that [the officer] took [the] defendant’s name and date of birth for the purpose of running a check on her, and the reason that he had not done so in no way indicated that he was not going to — in other words, that the investigatory process had commenced and was ongoing up to the point of arrest.”
Id. at 240. Several circumstances bolstered that inference, including that, “in addition to taking her information, [the officer] also questioned [the] defendant about illegal activity, albeit in a calm and nonconfrontational voice.” Id. 5
Here, the officer (1) asked defendant, a passenger in a stopped vehicle, if he had any warrants; (2) requested defendant’s identification; (3) wrote down defendant’s name and date of birth; and (4) then immediately returned to his vehicle and ran a check to determine whether defendant was the subject of any warrants. At no point did the officer indicate that defendant was free to leave. Under those circumstances, which are materially indistinguishable from those in Highley, we conclude, as we did in Radtke, that a reasonable person would conclude that he or she was the subject of an investigation and not free to leave. Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion to suppress.
Reversed and remanded.
Notes
As described below,
In particular, Cioeta asked defendant for his name and date of birth.
At no time during the encounter did Cioeta tell defendant that he was free to leave.
Our reference to a
“Holmes
type (b) stop” derives from the Supreme Court’s decision in
State v. Holmes,
“(a) if a law enforcement officer intentionally and significantly restricts, interferes with, or otherwise deprives an individual of that individual’s liberty or freedom of movement; or (b) whenever an individual believes that (a), above, has occurred and such belief is objectively reasonable in the circumstances.”
Cf. State v. Lay,