Lawrence Pace appeals from a judgment and sentence following his convictions for burglary in the first degree and going armed with intent. ' He claims there was insufficient evidence to support the burglary conviction and he received ineffective assistance from his trial counsel. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
I. Background Pacts and Proceedings.
Lawrence Pace went to the rural Potta-wattamie County home of Duane Myers around'noon on July 27, 1997. Myers was in the home with his girlfriend, Maureen Pace. Maureen and Pace were formerly married. Maureen was the primary caretaker of their three minor children. Pace was a joint custodial parent with visitation rights and was entitled to exercise visitation of the children at the time he went to Myers’ home.
Myers’ home was set back approximately 120 feet from a gravel road located in front of the home. A gravel driveway ran from the road to a garage located around eighty feet behind the home. The house included a room which extended off the back of the house. The room had a doorway with a screen door on the outside *767 which opened to the outside, and a heavy-wooden door on the inside which opened to the inside. Myers used the room as a porch. It had exterior walls consistent in appearance with the remainder of the house and was covered by the roof of the house. A narrow cement sidewalk extended from the driveway to the back door with a small cement step located just outside the door. There was no roof or overhang above the door. A yard surrounded the house, with farm fields a greater distance from the house.
Pace drove his pickup truck from the road onto the gravel driveway. He parked on the driveway near the house, exited the vehicle, walked to the back door, and rang the doorbell. Maureen stepped onto the porch. Pace asked her where he could locate their children.
Although Maureen had previously left a message for Pace that the children would be at his sister’s house, she reiterated that he could pick up the children at his sister’s house. Maureen then opened the door of the porch and stepped outside. An argument quickly followed. Myers came to the back door and directed Maureen to return to the house. Maureen returned to the porch and Myers shut the screen door behind her. Myers told Pace, “You’re done.” Pace then sprayed mace through the screen door onto Myers and Maureen. Pace was standing on the cement area just outside the back door at the time.
After Myers was sprayed with the mace, he exited the porch to approach Pace. Pace promptly struck him with a metal club. Myers was unable to recall his precise location when he was first struck with the club, although he believed it occurred in an area just outside the door. Myers was then struck several other times while the two men struggled together in the back yard outside the door. Within a short period of time, Myers retreated towards the house. He opened the screen door to enter, and attempted to shut the wooden door behind him. Pace, however, was in pursuit. He prevented Myers from closing the door by pushing inward on the door with his hands. Myers eventually succeeded in closing the door. He then locked it and placed a telephone call to law enforcement authorities.
Pace was subsequently charged with burglary in the first degree, going armed with intent, and domestic abuse assault. At the close of the evidence by the State at trial, Pace moved for judgment of acquittal on the charge of burglary in the first degree. He claimed insufficient evidence had been presented to show he entered or remained upon an occupied structure. The district court overruled the motion.
Trial counsel for Pace later moved for a mistrial after the prosecutor attempted to cross-examine Pace about his prior assaul-tive behavior. Defense counsel believed the questioning violated a prior ruling by the district court made in response to a motion in limine. The district court sustained the objection to the prosecutor’s questions, but held the motion for mistrial in abeyance. The trial, however, was concluded without a ruling by the trial court on the motion for mistrial. The jury found Pace guilty of burglary in the first degree and going armed with intent.
Pace raises two claims of error on appeal. He asserts he did not commit the crime of burglary in the first degree because there was insufficient evidence to show he entered an occupied structure without a right, license or privilege, or remained on an occupied structure after the right, license or privilege had expired. He acknowledges he entered the driveway, walkway, and area just outside the back door, but claims he was privileged to do so and the areas were outside the definition of an occupied structure. He also asserts he did not inflict any bodily injury while in or upon an occupied structure. Secondly, Pace claims his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the vagueness of the term “appurtenance” in the statutory definition of “occupied structure” and *768 by failing to request a ruling on the motion for mistrial.
II. Standard of Review.
We review claims of insufficient evidence for errors at law. Iowa R.App. P. 4. We will uphold a finding of guilt if “substantial evidence” supports the verdict.
State v. Schmidt,
Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel arise from the Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
See State v. Westeen,
III. Sufficiency of Evidence.
Burglary is committed under our Iowa statute when:
Any person, having the intent to commit a felony, assault or theft therein, who, having no right, license or privilege to do so, enters an occupied structure, such occupied structure not being open to the public, or who remains therein after it is closed to the public or after the person’s right, license or privilege to be there has expired, or any person having such intent who breaks an occupied structure....
Iowa Code § 713.1 (1997).
Our legislature has classified burglary by three degrees, depending upon the severity of the circumstances. Burglary in the first degree is committed “if while perpetrating a burglary in or upon an occupied structure in which one or more persons are present,” the person, among other circumstances, “intentionally or recklessly inflicts bodily injury on any person.” Id. § 713.3. Burglary in the second degree is committed, in part, when a burglary is perpetrated “in or upon an occupied structure in which one or more persons are present” but none of the aggravating circumstances of first-degree burglary exist. Id. § 713.5. Third-degree burglary generally involves burglary where no persons are present in the occupied structure and no aggravating circumstances occur. Id. § 713.6(1). In reviewing the sufficiency of evidence, we review all the evidence in view of the offenses charged.
A. Sidewalk and Stoop as an Occupied Structure.
At common law, burglary could only be committed in a dwelling house. 3 Charles E. Torcía, Wharton’s Criminal Law § 325, at 251 (15th ed.1995) (hereinafter “Wharton’s”). The crime was considered to be an offense against the security of habitation or occupancy, and was tied to the ancient maxim that “a man’s home is his castle.” Id. §§ 316, 325, at 223, 253. It was not designed to protect property or ownership, rather the notion that people should be able to feel secure in their homes. Id. As one court put it:
“Burglary laws are based primarily upon a recognition of the dangers to personal safety created by the usual burglary situation — the danger that the intruder will harm the occupants in attempting to perpetrate the intended crime to escape ... [t]he laws are primarily designed, then, not to deter the trespass and the intended crime, which are prohibited by other laws, so much as to forestall the germination of a situation dangerous to personal safety.”
State v. Nible,
*769 A “dwelling house” at common law included not only the house regularly used for sleeping, but also out-buildings within the curtilage of the home. See Wharton’s § 326, at 259. The curtilage encompassed the cluster of buildings which were in reasonably close proximity to the dwelling house and closely associated with it. Id. The rationale for making buildings located within the curtilage the subject of burglary was derived from the continuing need to protect the occupants of the house when they used nearby buildings as a part of their occupation of the principal dwelling. Id. § 326, at 262.
The dweller might have occasion at night to walk out to his barn to tend to his animals or, if he heard a suspicious noise, he might walk out to the barn to investigate. The danger to the dweller if confronted by an intruder in an outbuilding is sufficiently comparable to danger of such confrontation in the dwelling house itself to justify extending protection of the law of burglary to outbuildings.
Id.
Although the subject of burglary at common law extended to buildings within the curtilage of the dwelling home, the curti-lage itself was not protected apart from its relationship to a building. See Jerome C. Latimer, Burglary is for Buildings, or is it? Protected Structures and Conveyances Under Florida’s Present Burglary Statute, 9 Stetson L.Rev. 347, 350-51 (1980). Only buildings in the curtilage of the dwelling home fell within the scope of the burglary offense. Id.
Iowa historically followed the common law approach to burglary. Under our original burglary statute, as with common law, only a “dwelling house” could be the subject of the offense. See Iowa Code § 2608 (1851). This limitation remained, for the most part, until 1978 when our legislature rewrote the burglary statute, in part, to replace “dwelling house” with “occupied structure.” See 1976 Iowa Acts ch. 1245, § 1301. More significantly, it subsequently defined occupied structure to include
any building, structure, appurtenances to buildings and structures, land, water, or air vehicle, or similar place adapted for overnight accommodation of persons, or occupied by persons for the purpose of carrying on business or other activity therein, or for the storage or safekeeping of anything of value.
Iowa Code § 702.12 (1985). Thus, our legislature not only expanded the burglary statute to include buildings, structures, vehicles, and similar places, but “appurtenances to buildings and structures,” as long as the protected place was also “adapted for overnight accommodation of persons, or occupied by persons for the purpose of carrying on business or other activity therein, or for the purpose of storage or safekeeping of anything of value.” See id. § 702.12 (1997). Therefore, our definition of an occupied structure has two prongs. The first describes the type of place that can be the subject of burglary, and the second considers its purpose or use.
In considering the first prong, we observe the term “appurtenants” was principally used at common law to help describe the nexus between the dwelling house and the surrounding buildings that were within the scope of the curtilage.
See
4 William Blackstone,
Commentaries
225 (1769) (“and if the barn, stable or warehouse be parcel of the mansion house, though not under the same roof or contiguous, a burglary may be committed therein; for the capital house protects and privileges all its branches and appurtenants, if within the curtilage of the homestall”); 12A C.J.S.
Burglary
§ 30 (1980) (“an outhouse is within the curtilage ... if it is parcel of, or appurtenant to, the dwelling and connected therewith.... ”). Originally, the curtilage referred only to the area surrounding a castle that was encircled by a wall.
United States v. Romano,
Although the term “appurtenant” may have been used at common law to define the relationship between an outbuilding to the dwelling house, we recognize our legislature has used the term in our present statute as a noun to describe a specific place which may be the subject of burglary. Thus, like a building, structure, vehicle, or similar place, an “appurtenance to a building or structure” may be the subject of burglary under the statute as long as it satisfies the second portion of the definition of an occupied structure.
We have previously defined an “appurtenance” broadly as
That which belongs to something else; an adjunct; an appendage. Something annexed to another thing more worthy as principal, and which passes as incident to it, as a right of way or easement to land....
State v. Baker,
We have applied these definitions to find a fenced enclosure behind an automobile parts store to be an appurtenance to a building.
Hill,
Considering our broad definition of “appurtenance,” we conclude a step or stoop outside the door of a home, as well as the cement walkway leading to the step, would fall within the definition of an appurtenance to the house. Like the driveway in Baker, a step or stoop, as well as the adjoining sidewalk, is easily recognized as a thing connected with the use and enjoyment of the house, and belongs to the house. The fighting question is whether it also qualifies under the second prong of the definition of an occupied structure as a place “adapted for overnight accommodation of persons, or occupied by persons for the purpose of carrying on business or other activity therein, or for the storage or safekeeping of anything of value.”
We found this second prong of the definition of an “occupied structure” was satisfied in Baker because the driveway in the case was occupied by persons for the purpose of carrying on activities, and was also used for the storage or safekeeping of things of value. Id. at 14. We observed driveways are often occupied by persons for numerous types of activities, such as sporting activities, child’s play, cookouts, and countless other activities. Id. Addi *771 tionally, we observed driveways were commonly used to store automobiles, boats, and trailers. Id.
In this case, there was no evidence indicating the step or stoop outside the door was occupied by persons for the purpose of carrying on some activity. There was no testimony addressing the issue, and the photographic evidence revealed nothing but a small cement area with a step leading to a door. Unlike Baker, we are unable to take judicial notice that the step or stoop would be occupied by persons for the purpose of carrying on some activity. The only apparent purpose of the step or stoop in this case would be to assist persons in entering or exiting the house. Yet, we do not believe this transient action is the type of occupation or activity which gives an appurtenance the protection of an “occupied structure.” There are three principal reasons to support this conclusion.
First, our legislature did not extend the subject matter of burglary to include all appurtenances to buildings or structures, but only those occupied by reason of an activity. If the legislature intended to include acts such as walking or standing as the type of occupancy and activities within the statute, there would be little need for a second prong of the definition. It is difficult to imagine an appurtenance to a structure that would not fall within the definition of an “occupied structure” if merely walking over or momentarily standing upon an appurtenance was occupancy for the purpose of carrying on an activity. We do not construe statutes so as to render a part of it superfluous, but presume our legislature included every part of the statute for a purpose and intended each part to be given effect.
State v. Graves,
Second, the exclusion of sidewalks and steps from the definition of an “occupied structure” is consistent with the fundamental common law concept of burglary as an offense against security of occupancy. Burglary was never intended to cover all structures, but only those occupied by reason of some activity occurring in the structure. Although our legislature expanded the definition of “occupied structure” beyond a common law “dwelling house” concept, it specifically retained the requirement that the subject matter of burglary be occupied in conjunction with some activity which takes place in the structure. We interpret statutes consistent with common law unless the language of the statute clearly negates the common law.
Cookies Food Prods., Inc. v. Lakes Warehouse Distrib., Inc.,
Finally, our restrictive construction of the second prong of the definition of an “occupied structure” is compatible with the constitutional mandates associated with criminal statutes. We are required to construe criminal statutes strictly, and resolve all ambiguities in favor of the accused.
State v. Finchum,
Under the facts of this case, we conclude the sidewalk and step or stoop to the door of the house were not “occupied structures” under the statute. Consequently, Pace did not commit burglary when he entered the sidewalk or stoop.
B. Driveway as an Occupied Structure.
Although we determined in Baker that a driveway satisfied the definition of “occupied structure,” we are not prepared to extend Baker beyond the specific circumstances of that case. In Baker, we were asked to determine whether the burglary of a house was elevated to first-degree burglary under section 713.3 when the perpetrator attempted to flee from the house and garage and inflicted bodily injury on the homeowner while she was in the driveway of the home. The homeowner had driven her automobile onto the driveway of the home while the burglary was in progress. While we found a driveway to be an occupied structure, our analysis did not include the same consideration as presented in this case.
The same analysis we employed in our determination whether a sidewalk, stoop or other similar appurtenance constitutes an occupied structure should be followed to determine whether a driveway can be an occupied structure. Thus, we must look to see if there was evidence to satisfy one of the alternative tests of the second prong of the “occupied structure” definition. See Iowa Code § 702.12. In this case, this requires us to first consider any evidence indicating whether the driveway was occupied for the purpose of carrying on an activity. There is no claim it was adapted for the overnight accommodation of persons.
As with the sidewalk and stoop, there was no evidence in this case indicating any occupancy of the driveway for the purpose of carrying on an activity. Instead, the evidence revealed the driveway was merely an area of gravel leading to the house and garage.
Nevertheless, the State points to the testimony indicating Myers occasionally kept farm vehicles on the gravel driveway. It claims this constituted sufficient evidence the driveway was an occupied structure under the alternative definition of “adapted ... for the storage or safekeeping of anything of value.” See id.
The word “adapt” means to make fit, often by modification.
See
Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 13 (10th ed.1998). Additionally, the word “storage” connotes some degree of permanency, not transience.
See State v. Gargiulo,
In this case there was no evidence the driveway was made or modified as a place for the storage or safekeeping of valuable property. It was merely a lane from the street to the house and detached garage. *773 The occasional presence of a vehicle on a driveway would not satisfy the requirement that the driveway was adapted for the storage or safekeeping of property. We find no evidence in the record to show the driveway constituted an occupied structure.
C. Other Evidence of Burglary.
We consider all the evidence in the case and uphold a conviction if there is substantial evidence in the record to support it. In considering all the evidence presented in the case, we find the jury could have found Pace committed burglary beyond a reasonable doubt when he pushed in on the wooden door of the house after Myers retreated into the house and struggled to close the door. The house clearly met the definition of an “occupied structure.” Moreover, entry includes breaking of the plane of the threshold of a house.
State v. Perry,
D. First-Degree Burglary.
Under the instructions given by the court in this case, the jury was permitted to find Pace guilty of burglary in the first degree if he intentionally or recklessly inflicted bodily injury on Myers or Maureen during the burglary. The evidence revealed the jury could have found Pace inflicted bodily injury on two occasions. He first inflicted bodily injury on Myers and Maureen when he sprayed mace into their eyes while he stood outside the screen door. 1 He also inflicted bodily injury on Myers when he struck him with a club outside the house. Thus, we must determine whether these circumstances constitute sufficient evidence to elevate the burglary into a first-degree offense.
We have broadly defined perpetration to apply to acts connected with the commission of a crime, including acts occurring after the crime.
State v. Conner,
Although we conclude there was sufficient evidence to support a finding of a burglary, there was insufficient evidence to support a verdict of burglary in the first degree. We therefore remand the case to the district court to enter judgment on the lesser included offense of burglary in the second degree.
See State v. Lampman,
IV. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.
Pace claims he was denied effective assistance of counsel in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel under the United States Constitution and article 1, section 10 of the Iowa Constitution. First, Pace claims his trial counsel failed to challenge the constitutionality of “appurtenance” as used in Iowa Code section 702.12 as vague and overbroad. Second, • Pace claims his trial counsel failed to request a ruling on his motion for mistrial.
In order to prevail upon a claim of ineffective assistance, defendant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) counsel failed to perform an essential duty and (2) prejudice resulted.
Westeen,
Because we find sufficient evidence of a burglary to the house, Pace suffered no prejudice by the failure of his counsel to challenge the constitutionality of the term “appurtenance.” Therefore, we proceed to the second claim.
Although the record reveals the prosecutor attempted to submit evidence of Pace’s prior bad acts, defense counsel objected to each attempt and the trial judge sustained the objections with admonitions to the jury. Generally, when improper evidence has been promptly stricken and the jury admonished to disregard it, no error occurs.
State v. Jackson,
Ordinarily the striking of improper testimony cures any error. Only in extreme instances where it is manifest that the prejudicial effect of the evidence on the jury remained, despite its exclusion, and influenced the jury is the defendant denied a fair trial and entitled to a [mistrial].
Id.
(quoting
State v. Peterson,
Furthermore, a prosecutor’s misconduct will not'Warrant a new trial unless the conduct was “so prejudicial as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial.”
State v. Anderson,
V. Conclusion.
We reverse the entry of judgment and sentence for burglary in the first degree and remand for entry of judgment and sentence for burglary in the second degree. We affirm the judgment for going armed with intent.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
Notes
. We make no determination whether the possession of a dangerous weapon component was met. See Iowa Code § 713.3. Pace was not prosecuted under this theoiy. He was only prosecuted on the theory that he inflicted bodily injury while perpetrating the burglary in or upon an occupied structure in which one or more persons were present.