State v. Otto

161 N.W. 340 | S.D. | 1917

Lead Opinion

McOOY, J.

Appellant was charged by information with having committed- the criminal offense of engaging in the business of selling intoxicating liquors- on th-e 16th1 'day of January, 1915, in the town of Clare City, Roberta county, without having first procured a license as required' by the law. Defendant pleaded not guilty, and' on the trial of the cause was convicted. He now brings1 the cause to this court on appeal. The assignments of error raise three propositions: (1) Alleged error of the court in the admission of certain testimony; (2) alleged insufficiency -of the evidence to sustain the verdict; (3) improper remarks of the state’s attorney to -the jury. Appellant concedes that the information was sufficient to charge the offense of unlawfully 'engaging in the 'business of selling intoxicating liquors without license. On the trial evidence was offered and received over the ■ objections of the appellant that the 'particular sales constituting the alleged offense of engaging in the business of selling intoxicating liquors were actually made by agents and employes of appellant, and there being’ no evidence that appellant himself personally made any of the sales which constituted, the offense charged. The specific contention of appellant is that the state was permitted to .introduce testimony to'show that 'during December, 1914, and January, 1915, appellant employed Maurice! Winters and Henry Bor to sell intoxicating liquors for him; tha-t, while appellant does not contend that the information is not legally sufficient, he does contend that under the allegations of the information no evidence was admissible, over defendant’s objection, tending to- show the commission of the offense through •the agency of others. The assignments of error which relate to the evidence raised the sole question as to- whether or not the evidence sfaowng the commission of the offense through the means or agency of others' was material and competent evidence under the information, and also whether such evidence was sufficient to sustain a conviction; or, in other word's, was* there a fatal variance ‘between the evidence offered and the 'allegation of the information ?

[1] .We are of the view that, in criminal actions of this class, under an indictment or information charging a defendant with having committed the offense of unlawfully engaging in the business of selling intoxicating liquors, evidence showing the acts to have been done by means, of agents or employees' of the defendant is proper and' sufficient to sustain a conviction. In this particular class of cases the general rule seems to. be that an indictment or information alleging an unlawful sale of liquor by defendant is supported by proof that he sold it by his clerk, servant, or agent, but that it ’is necessary to1 identify the seller as the agent or employee of defendant, or at least to¡ adduce evidence from which the jury may .reasonably infer such a connection between them. State v. McCance, 110 Mo. 398, 19 S. W. 648; State v. Baker, 71 Mo. 475; State v. McGrath, 73, Mo. 181; State v. Heckler, 81 Mo. 417; Barnes v. State, 19 Conn. 398; Noecker v. People, 91 Ill. 494; Com. v. Fredericks, 119 Mass. 199; O’Bryan v. State, 48 Ark. 42, 2 S. W. 339; Waller v. State, 38 Ark. 656; State v. Curtiss, 69 Conn. 86, 36 Atl. 1014; Molihan v. State, 30 Ind. 266; State v. McConnell, 90 Iowa, 197 57 N. W. 707; People v. Possing, 137 Mich. 303, 100 N. W. 396; Parker v. State, 4 Ohio St. 563; Clark v. State, 40 Tex. Cr. R. 127, 49 S. W. 85; Perkins v. State, 92 Ala. 66, 9 South. 536; State v. Brown, 31 Me. 522; Com. v. Hyland, 155 Mass. 7, 28 N. E. 1055 ; 23 Cyc. 257. The evidence in this case was amply sufficient to connect the alleged' agents and employees who made tire sales with the defendant. We are therefore of the view that the evidence offered and received was properly admitted, and that the same is amply sufficient -to sustain the conviction.

[2] Appellant urges that his constitutional right to be informed in advance of the trial of the nature of the accusation against him has 'been violatedas he was not advised by the information that evidence would be offered as to sales of intoxicating liquors made by means of agents or employees. The question presented is: Where an information is confessedly good, can any evidence be excluded which tends to sustain the information merely because the information did1 not give notice that the state would offer this particular evidence? It seems very clear to us that no such evidence can be excluded in this class of criminal cases.

[3] It was the rule of the common law that the means by which capital offienises were effected must be pleaded, but that in all other criminal offenses, unless the means iby which the act was done, was a necessary element of the crime charged, or unless the means must :be averred in order that ilt may be seen which of two or more offenses- is charged, it is never necessary in an information to plead the means in order to satisfy the requirement that the indictment should acquaint the defendant with the nature of the offense Charged1. 22 Cyc. 326; 12 Standard1 Ency. of Procedure, 397. AH the hereinbefore cited decisions sustain and are in practical application of this rule. It certainly would be an anqmolous. and absurd situation, where an indictment or information perfectly good had been filed against the defendant, and upon the trial evidence wias offered1 which, if received, would establish the crime charged, the same could be excluded ’ upon the ground that there was no 'allegation in the information under which it could be received.

[4] The remedy of 'defendant who- felt that he was entitled to further information than that given by the information or indictment, in order that 'he might prepare his 'defense, would' be to ask the court for a bill of particulars; ior, where evidence was ofered which he could show to be a surprise to- him, he might make application to the court to postpone the trial to- enable him to pre pare to meet such testimony. State v. Fulwider, 28 S. D. 622, 134 N. W. 807. There is no claim made by appellant that he was in any manner surprised, or as a matter of fact prejudiced or prevented from having a fair trial, > by reason of the admission of the evidence in question. This evidence was of' such a nature that, if true, appellant was bound to know of it, and the statute of this state (section 2852, Pol. ’Code) informed him that in this class of offenses he was Hablé for the acts of his agents and employes. Appellant’s sole contention is that as a matter of constitutional right lie should have been informed by the information as to the character of the evidence the state intended to rely upon to secure a conviction.

[5] We are of the opinion that the information' sufficiently informed him of his constitutional right as to the nature of the offense charged. Section 7, art. 6, State Const., secures to a defendant the right'to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, but we are of the view that this constitutional provision does not require the state to inform a defendant of the particular evidentiary means the state will use to establish the alleged guilt of defendant.

The assignment of error in relation to the alleged improper remarks of the state’s attorney has been carefully examined, and we are of the view that no prejudicial error is shown to exist in relation thereto.

The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.

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Dissenting Opinion

SMITH, J.

(dissenting). I do not question the sufficiency of the information as stating a crime, if the act charged was done 'by the accused -himself. The majority opinion assumes that the assignments of error present but three propositions: First, the admission of certain testimony; second, insufficiency of the ‘ evi-clence -to 'sustain the verdict; third, improper remarks of the state’s attorney.

I think, however, the order overruling defendant’s motion for a new trial -presents an additional question, viz., whether on -the whole record the accused' has had a fair and impartial trial, the right to which is guaranteed to him hy the Constitution. The question here cannot he properly disposed of by sajun-g that certain facts were competent under the rules of evidence, or that they -did not constitute a fatal variance. Clearly, as stated in the majority opinion, evidence showing -criminal acts to have been committed through an agent may be competent evidence and sufficient to sustain a conviction. But the constitutional rule that a criminal pleading must inform the accused of the cause and nature of the accusation presents a question entirely different from the rule as to competency of evidence or the rule as to what constitutes a fatal variance. The Constitution requires that an indictment or information shall contain such allegations as are necessary to inform the accused of the 'cause and nature of the accusation against 'him,' and this provision has 'been correctly construed by this court as equivalent, to a -requirement that the information or indictment state facts necessary and 'sufficient to enable the accused to prepare his defense.

In State v. Burchard, 4 S. D. 548, 57 N. W. 491, in an opinion-by Corson, J., this -court said:

“The necessity of so identifying a criminal charge in other classes of cases -as -to- enable the accused to know- the cause and nature of the accusation against him, that he m-ay intelligently prepare for his defense, to enable the trial court to know that the accused is being- -tried for the offense for which he has 'been indicted by the girand jury, and to enable the accused to plead his convictio-n or acquittal upon another indictment for the same offense, has been so- long re-cognized that any -departure from it would moit be seriously urged in an appellate court. Why, then, should an exception be made in the cla-ss of -cases of which the case at bar is one? We know of no- reason for -such exception. All persons when charged with -crime, of whatever nature, are equally entitled to the protection of the -Constitution, and to invoice the safeguards those provisions have guaranteed to- them for their protection.”

Ancl this rule was approved by this court in Kotilinic v. Swenson, 18 S. D. 196-202, 99 N. W. 1114.

The majority opinion suggests that the statute informs the defendant that 'he is liable for the acts of his agents who assist him in engaging in the unlawful business of selling intoxicating liquors, that under this statute the acts of his agents may 'be given in evidence against him, and that he must -be prepared to meet such evidence.

The attempted 'distinction -between the -crime of selling intoxicating liquors and engaging in the business of selling such liquors is wholly specious. The accused may sell intoxicating liquors by his agent, or he may engage in the business of selling intoxicating liquors through his agents, and become criminally liable in either case. In either case-the statute -declares a rule of criminal liability, hut does not furnish a rule of -pleading. Upon a proper pleading* evidence tending to show that -he had sold intoxicating* liqju'ors by his agent, or engaged in the business of selling intoxicating liquors by his agent, would plainly be competent. But, first -of -all, he must 'be given, by the pleading’ itself, knowledge of the facts necessary to enable him to prepare -a defense. It does not meet the question here to say that the a'ccu-sed at the trial may be permitted to -show by >way of defense that persons whose-names he may never have heard until they were -disclosed on the witness stand did not engage in the 'business of selling intoxicating liquors, or were not his authorized agents. The principle announced in the majority opinion would be little -different shoul-d the court hold in a murder case that the accused might 'be charged and convicted of -the -crime, without naming the persons murdered. It cannot be -said that one who is himself charged with selling intoxicating* liquors has imputed knowledge that the state intends to show 'by its evidence that, in fact, the accused himself did not, but that -some unheard- of person did the -act as his agent, and that bjr such- allegation he should be 'held to have been given all the information neces-sary -to prepare his defense. Certainly the accused cannot be held to be in a -position- when his alleged agents- are first named a,t the trial to- prove that -such persons theretofore unknown -to him -did' not, as his agents, engage in the business of selling intoxicating* liquors, or that such persons, unnamed, were not his agents. Ntor would- surprise, ais a ground fioc continuance of the cause, meet the case. If the pleading was in proper form, there could be no such surprise as would give the legal right to a continuance merely 'because, as held by the majority opinion, the state had introduced evidence competent and proper under the allegations of the pleading. In such case there could be no surprise as a legal fact, because the accused would have been compelled1 to anticipate such evidence and be ready to meet it. The very presumption of innocence acquits the accused of any such knowledge as would be necessary to enable him to anticipate such proof in the absence of any allegation in the pleading. If the presumption was that he was guilty of the crime, he might be presumed to he ready to meet such a case, and ithe rule adopted by the majority falls but little short of adopting a presumption of guilt in this class of cases. In my judgment, it is a plain violation of the constitutional right to a fair trial, and I cannot consent -to it in this or any other case in which such a rule may be sought to be applied; for assuredly such cases will arise to trouble this court at some time.