Thе instant appeal presents the issue of what constitutes an “infamous crime” for purposes of removing an elected official from public office. Appellant, the State of Arkansas, through the prosecuting attorney for the Tenth Judicial District, argues that an infamous crime is one involving dishonesty or deceit and is not limited to those crimes punishable by more than one year’s imprisonment. This is an issue not previously addressed by this court. Because this appeal presents an issuе of first impression, as well as an issue involving the interpretation of the Arkansas Constitution, our jurisdiction is pursuant to Ark. Sup. Ct. R. 1-2(a)(1) and (b)(1). We reverse and remand.
The facts leading up to the present removal action began when Appellee Clay Oldner, Mayor of Dumas, was charged by information on October 1, 2002, with theft of property, public record tampering, abuse of office, and witness tampering. An amended information filed on March 10, 2003, added a count of income tax evasion and a сount of failure to file an income tax return.
Oldner was tried before a jury on October 24, 2003. He was convicted of one count of witness tampering, a Class A misdemeanor, in violation of Ark. Code Ann. § 5-53-110 (Repl. 1997). The evidence supporting that conviction was that Oldner asked two city employees, Janice Young and Sherri Flippo, to lie concerning
On November 7, 2003, the State filed a petition seeking to remove Oldner from the office of Mayor. In its petition, the State averred that Oldner had been convicted of infamous crimes that warranted his removal from office pursuant to Article 5, Section 9, of the Arkansas Constitution. According to the State’s petition, the term infamous crime as used in the Constitution includes felonies and any misdemeanors that involve deceitfulness, untruthfulness, or falsification.
On Decеmber 1, 2003, Oldner filed a response to the removal petition, arguing that he was not convicted of infamous crimes, because neither of his misdemeanor convictions was punishable by more than a year’s imprisonment. Oldner also argued that he could not be removed from office because his actions took place in a prior term of office and the electorate chose to reelect him despite the charges.
On December 11, 2003, while the removal petition was pending, the State filed a second amended information against Oldner on the felony charges of theft of property and public record tampering. Thereafter, on January 8, 2004, the State filed a motion requesting a hearing for Oldner to show cause as to why he should not be removed from office. The circuit court originally scheduled a hearing for April 6, 2004, but upon learning that a new criminal action had been filed, the circuit court sua sponte continued the April 6 hearing until the criminal matter filed against Oldner was resolved. An order reflecting the continuance was then entered on February 27, 2004.
The State requested the circuit court to reconsider the continuance, and after the trial court declined to do so, the State filed a petition for writ of mandamus on March 12, 2004, requesting this court to compel the circuit court to timely render a decision on the pending petition for removal. See State v. Vittitow,
A hearing on the removal petition was ultimately held on June 15, 2004. Each side agreed that the issue to be decided was one of law and, thus, the trial court could decide the matter without further hearings or evidence. The State argued that Oldner had been convicted of infamous crimes because his crimes involved dishonesty and deceit. Oldner countered that he was not convicted of infamous crimes beсause he was not subject to punishment in excess of one year’s imprisonment. The trial court took the matter under advisement and issued a letter order on July 6, 2004, denying the State’s petition for removal. According to the circuit court, an infamous crime is one that is punishable by more than a year’s imprisonment. A judgment reflecting the trial court’s finding was subsequently entered on August 4, 2004. This appeal followed.
Article 5, Section 9, of the Arkansas Constitution provides:
No person hereafter convicted of embezzlement of public money, bribery, forgery, or other infamous crime, shall be eligible to the General Assembly or capable of holding any office or trust or profit in this State.
Arkansas courts have consistently recognized that a person convicted of a felony or one of the specifically enumerated offenses is disqualified from holding public office under this section. See Campbell v. State,
While in Irby this court spoke of offenses involving moral turpitude, the precise issue of what constitutes an infamous crime disqualifying a person from holding public office has heretofore not been addressed by this court. Before turning to the merits of this issue, this court must review its rules of interpretation. This court recently set forth the appropriate standard of review in cases involves interpretation of a constitutional provision:
When interpreting the constitution оn appeal, our task is to read the laws as they are written, and interpret them in accordance with established principles of constitutional construction. Brewer v.Fergus, 348 Ark. 577 ,79 S.W.3d 831 (2002). It is this court’s responsibility to decide what a constitutional provision means, and we will review a lower court’s construction de novo. Id. We are not bound by the decision of the trial court; however, in the absence of a showing that the trial court erred in its interpretation of the law, that interpretation will be accepted as correct on appeal. Id. Language of a constitutional provision that is plain and unambiguous must be given its obvious and common meaning. Worth v. City of Rogers,341 Ark. 12 ,14 S.W.3d 471 (2000); Daniel v. Jones,332 Ark. 489 ,966 S.W.2d 226 (1998). Neither rules of construction nor rules of interpretation may be used to defeat the clear and certain meaning of a constitutional provision. Daniel v. Jones, (quoting Foster v. Jefferson County Quorum Court,321 Ark. 105 , 108,901 S.W.2d 809 , 810 (1995)).
Smith v. Sidney Moncrief Pontiac, Buick, GMC Co.,
Remaining mindful of this standard, we turn to the issue now before us. The plain language of Article 5, Section 9, speсifically disqualifies a person from holding public office if convicted of the crimes of embezzlement of public money, bribery, or forgery. Also disqualified is any person convicted of an infamous crime. Infamous crime, however, is not further explained or defined in that provision. According to the State, each of these crimes share the common elements of dishonesty and deception. Those crimes specifically fisted are then followed by the phrase infamous crime. This court has recognized that pursuant to the doctrine of ejusdem generis, when general words follow specific words in a statutory enumeration the general words are construed to embrace only objects similar in nature to those objects enumerated by the preceding specific words. Hanley v. Arkansas State Claims Comm’n,
Thus, applying these rules of interpretation, it can be said that the framers in drafting Article 5, Section 9, intended that an infamous crime be one involving elements of deceit and dishonesty. This approach was followed by the California Supreme Court in Otsuka v. Hite,
Other jurisdictions have also addressed the issue of what constitutes аn infamous crime for purposes of removing a person from public office. Notably, Pennsylvania, in Commonwealth ex rel. Baldwin v. Richard,
Oldner argues that this case is inapplicable, because in Pennsylvania some misdemeanors
Here, in order to interpret infamous crime in the manner espoused by Oldner, the court would be required to focus solely on the punishment applicable to the crime and ignore the nature of the crime itself. Oldner argues that this is appropriate, as the modern historical view of what constitutes an infamous crime focuses on the available punishment. In fact, the note following 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 6 (1989), which discusses infamous crime states in relevant part:
An “infamous” crimе or offense is one which works infamy in the person who commits it, subjecting the offender to an infamous punishment; one which rises at least to the grade of felony....
The question of whether a crime is infamous is determined by the nature of the punishment, and not by the character of the crime, and any crime is infamous that is punishable by death or by imprisonment, in a state prison, or by the loss of civil or political privileges. The decision turns not on the punishment actually inflicted, but on the punishment which the court is authorized to impose.
Id. at p. 6 (footnotes omitted).
Appellee also relies on several federal cases which have interpreted an infamous crime consistent with the historical context that a crime is infamous if it is punishable by imprisonment of more than one year. Specifically, Oldner relies on federal case law interpreting the Fifth Amendment’s indictment requirement, such as the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision in United States v. Russell,
While Oldner’s argument might seem persuasive at first blush, it ignores the fact that the notion that the punishment is what made a crime infamous was first recognized by the United States Supreme Court in Ex parte Wilson,
In addition, the distinction of imprisonment for more than a year is understandable in the federal context because it provides an absolute end point for when an accused may be charged by information
Our position is further supported by a review of applicable treatises. The distinctions that may be drawn between various types of infamous crimes was discussed in 21 Am. Jur. 2d Criminal Law § 24 (1998), which states in relevant part:
The meaning of the term “infamous crime” may vary аccording to the context in which it arises. Thus, for the purposes of the Fifth Amendment provision that no person may be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime unless on presentment or indictment by a grand jury, an infamous crime is one punishable by imprisonment in a penitentiary for a term of over one year. A similar definition has been adopted for the purpose of a state constitutional provision disenfranchising persons convicted of infamous crimes. But in this аnd other contexts, the term has also been defined as including offenses which involve deceit, or which by their nature tend to cast doubt upon the offender’s truthfulness or personal integrity. Thus, for the purposes of a rule permitting impeachment of a witness on the basis of his or her conviction of an “infamous crime,” the term has been deemed to include treason, crimes that were common-law felonies, and other “crimen falsi” offenses such as perjury, false statement, criminal fraud, embezzlement, false pretense, or any other offense involving some element of deceitfulness, untruthfulness, or falsification bearing on a witness’s propensity to testify truthfully.
Id. at 139-40 (footnotes omitted).
As Professor LaFave points out in his treatise, whether a particular crime is to be considered infamous or not may depend, on a large extent, on the purpose for which the distinction is to be made. See Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law, § 1.6(d) (2d ed. 2003). Professor LaFave further explains that:
Where the purpose was in former times to render a witness incompetent (or today to authorize the impeachment of the witness), the term “infamous” properly has reference to those crimes involving fraud or dishonesty or the obstruction of justice (sometimes called crimen falsi). Where the term is used in connection with disbarment or disqualification to hold office, vote or serve on a jury, it generally has a similar meaning.
Id. at p. 57 (footnote omitted). Ultimately, Professor LaFave distinguishes the above-enumerated situations from those related to constitutional provisions relating to indictment.
Moreover, there is little support, other than the above-discussed federal cases discussing indictments that supports Oldner’s suggestion that an infamous crime is one punishable by more than a year’s imprisonment. In fact, Oldner’s argument ignores certain distinctions previously recognized in prior versions of Arkansas’s Constitutions. The Constitution of 1836
Additionally, this court has recognized a distinction between felonies, which in Arkansas are punishable by more than a year’s imprisonment, and infamous crimes in the context of attorney-discipline cases. Rule X of the Rules of the Court Regulating Professional Conduct of Attorneys at Law,
In sum, our case law has recognized that an “infamous crime” is a distinct entity. It has never considered it to be synonymous with the term felony or required a punishment that exceeds imprisonment of one year. There is no support that the drafters of Article 5, Section 9, intended the term to be so narrowly construed, particularly in light of the fact that it is preceded by crimes specifically impliсating elements of dishonesty or untruthfulness.
In the instant case, the offenses that Oldner was convicted of, abuse of office and witness tampering, are of a type that directly impact his moral integrity because they are crimes involving dishonesty and deceit. With regard to the offense of witness tampering, Oldner requested that two city employees fabricate testimony in order to cover up alleged wrongdoing on his part. As for the crime of abuse of office, Older used his position as Mayor for his own pecuniary gain by using city funds to pave a parking lot on property owned by his family. Not only do these crimes involve dishonesty and deceit but, more importantly, they directly impact Oldner’s ability to serve as an elected public official. In Campbell,
[W]e interpret art. 5, § 9 to mean that a public official becomes subj ect to removal when convicted by a plea of guilty or a verdict of guilty in circuit court of a crime defined by the article. Anything less, we believe, effectively nullifies the provision. We recognize the potential for harm to which this interpretation gives sufferance. However, the risk of harm to an individual must be balanced against the alternative — the loss of public confidence in those who govern which inevitably accompanies the spectacle of office holders who have been found guilty of an offense which disqualifies them for public trust, yet continue to hold the office by resorting to the endless delays to which the criminal justice system is now susceptible.
The integrity of the office of Mayor would be impugned by allowing Oldner to remain in that office. We believe it is this type of situation that the drafters of our Constitution sought to prevent through inclusion of the term “infamous crime” in Article 5, Section 9. For these reasons, the order of the trial court denying the State’s petition to remove Oldner as Mayor of Dumas is reversed.
The State raises an alternative argument that Oldner’s conviction for abuse of office constitutes the crime of embezzlement of public money as specifically enumerated in Article 5, Section 9. Having determined that Oldner’s misdemeanor convictions constitute infamous crimes, it is unnecessary for us to address this argument.
Finally, Oldner argues that he cannot be now removed from the office of Mayor because his convictions resulted from acts committed in his previous term of office and despite the pending charges, the electorate voted for him to remain as mayor. This argument is wholly without merit.
It is the fact of conviction that disqualifies a person from holding public office under the authority of Ridgeway,
Here, the fact that Oldner was reelected Mayor after the charges were filed against him is irrelevant. Oldner’s convictions of infamous crimes disqualify him from holding public office. This is not a disqualification that can be overcome by the will of the electorate. Simply put, he remains ineligible for holding public office in perpetuity. See Allen v. State,
Reversed and remanded.
Notes
In support of its argument, the State, in part, relies on previously issued opinions of the Attorney General considering the issue. In Op. Att’y Gen. # 94-106, the Attorney General analyzed whether a sheriff who had pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge stemming from allegations that he violated the civil rights of a mentally retarded person was eligible to again run for the office of sheriff. The Attorney General ultimately opined that Article 5, Section 9, renders ineligible any person convicted of a misdemeanor if it is one that involves deceitfulness, untruthfulness, or falsification because such misdemeanors constitute infamous crimes. In reaching this conclusion, the Attorney General described crimen falsi as “crimes in the nature of perjury or subornation of perjury, false statement, criminal fraud, embezzlement, false pretense, or any other offense which involves some element of deceitfulness, untruthfulness, or falsification bearing on a witness’ propensity to testify truthfully.” (Citing Black's Law Dictionary 335 (5th ed. 1979)). See also Op. Att’y Gen. # 2002-098 and#2004-215. The State admits, however, that opinions of the Attorney General are not binding on this court. See, eg., Arkansas Prof'l Bail Bondsman Lic. Bd. v. Oudin,