Defendant appealed from his conviction of the crime of unlawful possession of marijuana which resulted from a trial by the court without a jury.
The principal issue raised on appeal is whether there was sufficient evidence of defendant’s possession of the drug to sustain a conviction.
The police were in the possession of a warrant for the arrest of Michael Sigari and the search of his home. Three other persons lived there with him. Prior to going to the front door Sigari was seen through the window putting something in or taking something out of the medicine cabinet in the bathroom. An officer knocked upon the front door and in response a peephole in the door was opened and closed and footsteps were heard retreating from the door. The officer announced the authority of his warrant and upon the door not being opened, he opened it by force.
Hpon going into the bathroom the officer observed Sigari standing immediately in front of the toilet bowl while leaning over looking into it. Alongside and slightly behind him, also leaning over and looking into the bowl, was the defendant. The water in the bowl was agitated and in it were some plastic sacks containing marijuana, an unused marijuana cigarette, the butt of another marijuana cigarette, as well as shreds of the same material. On the back of the toilet was a box containing shreds of marijuana. On a chest of drawers immediately in front of the toilet bowl ivas a lighted marijuana cigarette.
Defendant did not reside in the house. His person *599 was searched and no evidence of marijuana was found upon him. There were at least two other persons besides the defendant and Sigari in the house at the time of the execution of the warrant.
It is our opinion that there Avas insufficient evidence of the defendant’s possession of the marijuana to Avarrant conviction. The fact that defendant had none of the narcotic upon his person is not completely determinative of the question of his possession of it. A person may have constructive as well as actual possession of contraband. However, the evidence was insufficient to raise an inference of constructive possession. Defendant Avas a visitor at the home of Sigari. No inference can be draAvn that he had possession of articles found in the house without in some Avay identifying him Avith their control. EAddence of the control or the right to control is necessary to constructive possession. The inference could be draAvn that defendant Avas a spectator at the attempted disposition of contraband doAvn the toilet, but an inference cannot be draAvn that it Avas defendant aaTlo Avas disposing of it and thus exercising control over it. It was Sigari’s house; it Avas Sigari Avho Avas in the bathroom immediately prior to the officer’s entrance; and it was Sigari Avho Avas closest and therefore apparently presiding over the flushing toilet. Had there been two lighted cigarettes at the time of the officer’s entrance into the bathroom, it could have been inferred that one of them was defendant’s because one person does not usually smoke íavo cigarettes at the same time. Had defendant been the only person in the bathroom it could have been inferred that he was exercising dominion by attempting disposition of the narcotic doAvn the toilet. However, we do not believe such an inference can be draAvn from the mere fact that he Avas *600 present at the attempted disposal of it in someone else’s home.
The state has cited a number of eases in defense of their position that there was sufficient evidence to warrant an inference of defendant’s possession. We have examined these cases and believe that there is only one which goes so far as to allow the drawing of the inference of possession from facts similar to those here. It is
Duran v. People,
145 Colo 563,
The facts of this case pose an extremely close question but we believe defendant’s conviction should be reversed. It is so ordered.