811 P.2d 890 | Kan. Ct. App. | 1991
Floyd M. Nugent appeals his conviction of robbery, K.S.A. 21-3426, claiming the court erred by failing to suppress the victim’s on-scene identification and all items seized from his van pursuant to a search incident to his arrest. Nugent claims that, although Officer Craig Caster may have had articulable suspicion to stop him, Caster’s actions exceeded that of a stop pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889, 88 S. Ct. 1868 (1968), and constituted an arrest without probable cause. We affirm, finding no reversible error.
Dorothy L. Wages had opened the Texaco gas station at 7720 State Line Road in Prairie Village, Kansas. She heard someone enter the store. It was 6:39 a.m. Wages turned and saw a black male wearing a white baseball cap; a blue bandana covering the
Police Officer Caster and Sergeant Ozorkiewicz, each in their own squad car, were about two blocks away from the Texaco station when the alarm went out. While the officers were en route to the Texaco station, the dispatcher informed them that an armed robbery had just occurred and a suspect described as a black male was running north through the Southgate parking lot on the west side. He was wearing a white cap, blue hooded sweatshirt, blue jeans, blue bandana, and white tennis shoes. They arrived at the scene about a minute after the dispatch. Ozorkiewicz went to Texaco, and Casier went to the Southgate parking lot.
Caster drove north through the lot then turned on the north end heading east. He saw a black van backed into the building on the north side facing north. It was the only vehicle in the lot. About one and a half to two minutes had elapsed from the first alarm until he saw the van. Caster drove by the van and looked in and saw a black man sitting inside with “a very worried look on his face.” The man was not wearing a shirt or cap. Caster continued past the van about 10 to 15 feet. He slowed to go back and look at the van, but the man had hurriedly driven away. Caster exited the lot onto State Line then turned onto 76th Street
Nugent argues Caster’s actions exceeded a Terry stop and that the evidence seized must be suppressed since he was arrested without probable cause. The State responds the court’s denial of Nugent’s motion to suppress was correct as it was reasonable under the circumstances for Caster to display his shotgun and place Nugent in handcuffs before he was identified by the victim and arrested about 30 seconds later.
“If the findings of the trial court on a motion to suppress evidence are based upon substantial evidence this court on review will not substitute its view of the evidence for that of the trial court.” State v. Chiles, 226 Kan. 140, 144, 595 P.2d 1130 (1979).
The Kansas stop and frisk rule is codified in K.S.A. 1990 Supp. 22-2402 and provides:
“Stopping of suspect. (1) Without making an arrest, a law enforcement officer may stop any person in a public place whom such officer reasonably suspects is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime and may demand . . . the name [and] address of such suspect and an explanation of such suspect’s actions.
“(2) When a law enforcement officer has stopped a person for questioning pursuant to this section and reasonably suspects that such officer’s personal safety requires it, such officer may frisk such person for firearms or other dangerous weapons. If the law enforcement officer finds a firearm or weapon, or other thing, the possession of which may be a crime or evidence of crime, such officer may take and keep it until the completion of the ques*557 tioning, at which time such officer shall either return it, if lawfully possessed, or arrest such person.”
The Judicial Council Notes to 22-2402 cite Terry v. Ohio for justification for and limitations applicable to the power to search a person before an arrest. It cites in part:
“When an officer is justified in believing that the individual whose suspicious behavior he is investigating at close range is armed and presently dangerous to the officer or to others, it would appear to be clearly unreasonable to deny the officer the power to take necessary measures to determine whether the person is in fact carrying a weapon and to neutralize the threat of physical harm.”
A search for weapons in the absence of probable cause to arrest must be strictly circumscribed by the exigencies which justify its initiation. See Warden v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294, 298-300, 18 L. Ed. 2d 782, 87 S. Ct. 1642 (1967). The search must be limited to that which is necessary for the discovery of weapons that might be used to harm the officer or others nearby. It may be characterized as something less than a “full” search, although it remains a serious intrusion.
A search under K.S.A. 1990 Supp. 22-2402 is justified if a law enforcement officer has prior knowledge of facts, observes conduct, or receives responses to the limited interrogation under subsection (1) that would cause the officer, in light of his experience, to reasonably suspect his personal safety is in danger. State v. Jackson, 213 Kan. 219, 225, 515 P.2d 1108 (1973).
“The only justification of a Terry search is the protection of police officers and others nearby.” State v. Webb, 13 Kan. App. 2d 300, 302, 769 P.2d 34 (1989). “Whenever a police officer accosts a person and restrains his freedom, he has ‘seized’ that person.” State v. Epperson, 237 Kan. 707, 712, 703 P.2d 761 (1985). A seizure, however, is only prohibited by the Fourth Amendment if it is unreasonable. United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 682, 84 L. Ed. 2d 605, 105 S. Ct. 1568 (1985). The reasonableness of a search is determined by the trial court from the case facts and circumstances. State v. Jackson, 213 Kan. at 225 (citing Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23, 10 L. Ed. 2d 726, 83 S. Ct. 1623 [1963]).
In Terry, the court propounded a two-pronged test to assess the reasonableness of an investigative stop falling short of a full
In the instant case, Officer Caster’s conduct was justified at its inception, which Nugent appears to concede. Caster was told, an armed robbery had occurred just one and a half to two minutes earlier and a black man was fleeing on foot in the Southgate parking lot. In addition, none of the businesses were open in the area, Nugent was the only person seen in the lot, and his was the only vehicle around. He had a “worried” look on his face when Caster saw him. Nugent’s only argument is that it was unreasonable for Caster to display his shotgun, order him to the ground, and handcuff him. Thus, the remaining issue is whether the second prong of the test was met.
The length of detention is a factor used to determine whether a seizure is so minimally intrusive as to be justifiable on reasonable suspicion. United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. at 685. In the instant case, the detention made with reasonable suspicion was only about 30 seconds. After that time, Wages identified Nugent as the robber, giving the police probable cause to arrest Nugent.
There is little guidance to determine what factors, beyond the length of detention, should be considered when determining whether the seizure can be justified. It appears Kansas permits handcuffing of a suspect during a Terry stop in light of State v. Baker, 239 Kan. 403.
In Baker, two Wichita police officers, Agnew and Tenbrook, were parked in separate patrol cars several blocks away from a gas station that had just reported an armed robbery. Both responded and traveled different routes to the station. En route to the station, Agnew encountered a white two-door Chevrolet Cavalier approaching from the opposite direction. Agnew shined his alley light on the car as they passed one another. He saw the car was occupied by three black males, each dressed in dark clothing. The dispatcher had described the robbers as two black males wearing black jackets and blue jeans.
Agnew turned his car around to stop the Cavalier and check its occupants. In the meantime, the car had turned at the next
The appellants in Baker appealed their convictions, claiming the initial stop, their arrest, the search of the vehicle, and the admission of testimony and physical evidence were all improper under the Fourth Amendment. 239 Kan. at 406. The court held that the initial stop and subsequent arrest were legal and affirmed the trial court’s refusal to quash their arrest and suppress the evidence obtained incident to arrest. 239 Kan. at 409. The court in Baker, however, did not focus on the manner of the seizure. Instead, the issue before the court was whether the facts known to Agnew were insufficient to constitute the basis for a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the appellants had committed, were committing, or were about to commit a crime. 239 Kan. at 408.
In State v. Boone, 220 Kan. 758, 556 P.2d 864 (1976), a Town and Country Market in Wichita, Kansas, was robbed at approximately 2:15 a.m. by two masked individuals. One wore a fatigue jacket and what appeared to be a gas mask and carried a sawed off shotgun. The other person wore a ski mask. Two police officers patrolling the area had seen the defendant leaving his house in that same area at about 2:00 a.m. They went to the defendant’s house at about 3:00 a.m., parked, and waited. In a few minutes, the defendant returned in his station wagon and was startled when the officers turned their lights on him as he drove by. He stopped and immediately got out and stood by his car. The officers then got out of their car and approached defendant with guns drawn. Officer Knard advised defendant there had been a robbery, told him to put his hands on the car, and proceeded to pat him down for weapons. Meanwhile, the other officer shined his flashlight into defendant’s car and saw two bills paperclipped together and what looked like a gas mask on the back floorboard. The officer
On appeal, the defendant contended that, when the officers confronted him with guns drawn, it constituted an illegal arrest, since at that time they had only articulable suspicion, not probable cause.
Disagreeing, the court stated:
“When a police officer accosts an individual and restrains his freedom to walk away, he has ‘seized’ that person. City of Garden City v. Mesa, [215 Kan. 674, 678, 527 P.2d 1036 (1974)]. There can be a ‘seizure’ of a person in the Fourth Amendment sense even where there is no formal arrest. Terry v. Ohio, [392 U.S. at 16].
“ ‘Arrest’ as defined in the Kansas Code of Criminal Procedure contemplates more than the temporary restraint of a person by a law enforcement officer. Rather, it is the restraint of a person in order that he or she may be forthcoming to answer for the commission of a crime. See [K.S.A. 1975 Supp. 22-2202(3) and (7)].
“When Officers Meyers and Knard initially restrained the appellant, we believe their purpose was to temporarily detain him so as to investigate possible criminal behavior. Officer Meyers testified that Boone was initially restrained before he went around the car and looked into the windows, but that ‘we didn’t place him under arrest at that time. . . .’It was only after the officers observed items which appeared to implicate the appellant in the robbery that he was handcuffed and read his rights. It was at that point that his restraint satisfied the statutory definition of arrest.” 220 Kan. at 764.
We have found no other Kansas cases discussing handcuffing or pointing a gun at the subject of a Terry stop. There are, however, a number of other jurisdictions cited by the State where appellate courts held that handcuffing a suspect or pointing a gun at a suspect during a Terry stop was not unreasonable and did not convert the stop into an arrest.
The issue of whether police had actually made an arrest without probable cause instead of a Terry stop, due to the manner in which they confronted and detained defendant and his companions, was addressed in United States v. Merritt, 695 F.2d 1263 (10th Cir. 1982). The Merritt court chose not to focus on the degree of force used by police to determine the reasonableness of a stop. Those courts which do so, the court stated, “apparently assumed that at some point the show of force made by police conducting a stop becomes so great as to render it an arrest,
A number of police were involved in the stop of Merritt. The SWAT team had been called in by Colorado police in an effort to locate an individual suspected of murder, who was believed to be heavily armed. After checking a residence he was known to frequent, police were told he was not there but would return soon. Police then noticed a white truck circle the block, and, upon returning, pull to the curb. The occupants crouched down in the truck. Two officers pulled their cruiser up behind the suspect’s vehicle, which was parked on the street. The officer driving the cruiser got out of it, rested a shotgun on the top of the car, and told defendant and the other two occupants of the truck to get out. At the same time, his partner approached the vehicle from the other side. 695 F.2d at 1267. Meanwhile, a third officer had walked to a point directly across the street from the truck. He also held a shotgun on the three suspects. The police ordered the suspects to the back of the truck. They were met by police, who told them to freeze. Shortly, there were 6 or 7 police cruisers at the scene and about 12 to 15 officers, 2 or 3 of whom carried shotguns. 695 F.2d at 1267. After the suspects identified themselves, police searched the truck with a flashlight and found a loaded .22 revolver protruding from under the driver’s seat. Merritt stated the gun was his, at which time he was arrested. 695 F.2d at 1267. In examining the reasonableness of the seizure, the court found the police conduct was justified by the need to ensure their own protection. 695 F.2d at 1272.
The same issue was examined in People v. Weeams, 665 P.2d 619 (Colo. 1983). About 1:15 a.m., Aurora police received a call reporting an armed robbery. The dispatchers described the suspects as two black males, 25 to 30 years old, approximately 5 feet 9 inches tall, wearing dark clothing and white tennis shoes. The suspects were reportedly armed. About 15 minutes later, Aurora police were notified of a second armed robbery just two and one-half blocks from the first robbery. In that robbery, one
At 1:46 p.m., Officer Sloan of the Aurora Police Department entered the robbery area. He saw only two other vehicles, each occupied by a single white male. At the crime scene, he saw a vehicle occupied by two black males in their 20’s, wearing dark clothing. After following them for several blocks, he directed the vehicle to stop, using his public address system. The officers then called for back-up assistance and put the spotlight on the car. The vehicle’s driver was ordered out of the car. Sloan searched him for weapons, requested identification, and asked for an explanation of his presence in the area. The driver’s responses were inconsistent and suspicious. After the back-up officers arrived, Weeams was ordered out of the car, frisked for weapons, and handcuffed. A check of the car for further suspects revealed a sawed-off shotgun and a pistol in plain view on the back seat. Police also removed a wallet from Weeams that belonged to a victim of the second robbery. Both men were arrested. 665 P.2d at 621.
Weeams claimed police exceeded the permissible scope of the investigatory stop when the officer handcuffed Weeams, making it an arrest without probable cause. The Colorado Supreme Court reversed the trial court’s ruling that the police exceeded the permissible scope of the investigative stop. They reasoned that police conducting an investigatory stop may use that amount of force which is reasonably related in scope and character to ensuring their safety during the period of detention. The court found that a detainee’s belief he is not free to leave does not transform a stop into an arrest. The Weeams court, 655 P.2d at 622 (quoting United States v. Merritt, 695 F.2d at 1274), stated:
“ ‘We should not ask whether the force used was so great as to render it an arrest but, instead, whether the force used was reasonable. Whenever the police confront an individual reasonably believed to present a serious and imminent danger to the safety of the police and public, they are justified in taking reasonable steps to reduce the risk that anyone will get hurt. They should not be constrained in their effort to reduce the risk of injury or death simply because the facts known to them create a reasonable suspicion, but do not rise to the level of probable cause.’ ”
The court in United States v. Bautista, 684 F.2d 1286 (9th Cir. 1982), also found the use of handcuffs during a Terry stop did
In denying the claim that the handcuffing constituted arrest without probable cause, the court stated:
“On the one hand, handcuffing substantially aggravates the intrusiveness of an otherwise routine investigatory detention and is not part of a typical Terry stop. On the other hand, police conducting on-the-scene investigations involving potentially dangerous suspects may take precautionary measures if they are reasonably necessary. The purpose of the Terry frisk is to allow the officer to pursue his investigation without fear of violence.” 684 F.2d at 1289.
Courts in other jurisdictions consistently determine whether the manner of a seizure exceeds the scope of the Terry stop by looking at the reasonableness of the seizure under the circumstances. See U.S. v. Crittendon, 883 F.2d 326 (4th Cir. 1989) (police handcuffed a suspect during a Terry stop; the court held brief, although complete, deprivations of a suspect’s liberty do not convert a stop and frisk into an arrest if the methods of restraint used are reasonable under the circumstances); U.S. v. Hastamorir, 881 F.2d 1551 (11th Cir. 1989) (under the circumstances, it was reasonable for police to handcuff suspect); United States v. Kapperman, 764 F.2d 786 (11th Cir. 1985) (officer drawing his gun and directing two passengers to get out of the vehicle not unreasonable); United States v. Bautista, 684 F.2d at 1289; United States v. Jackson, 652 F.2d 244 (2d Cir. 1981) (officer acted reasonably when he drew his gun on approaching vehicle of armed robbery suspects); People v. Weeams, 665 P.2d at 622; People v. Waddell, 190 Ill. App. 3d 914, 546 N.E.2d 1068 (1989) (the handcuffing
In People v. Finlayson, 76 App. Div. 670, 675, 431 N.Y.S.2d 839 (1980), when an officer stopped armed robbery suspects, he got out of his police car carrying a shotgun, approached the suspects’ car pointing the shotgun at the two occupants, and ordered them to place their hands on the dashboard of the car. When the suspects complied, the officer radioed for a description of the armed robbers. 76 App. Div. at 673. The court held the appellant’s car was properly stopped, and the police conduct was reasonably related to the circumstances surrounding the encounter. 76 App. Div. at 681.
In the instant case, it was reasonable under the circumstances for Caster, who was alone, to get out of his patrol car with a shotgun pointed at Nugent, order him to the ground, and handcuff him before searching for weapons. When Nugent got out of the van, the left side of his body was concealed. Based on dispatched information, it was reasonable for Caster to believe Nu-gent was armed. Caster had a reasonable and articulable suspicion to detain and question Nugent since a robbery had occurred about two minutes before, a black man was described as fleeing on foot, Nugent is black and was the only person in the immediate vicinity, and he had a worried look on his face.
Nugent claims that Caster admitted he went beyond the limited stop and frisk contemplated by Terry and K.S.A. 1990 Supp. 22-2402, instead of making a full-blown arrest for his own safety. This court’s review of the record, however, shows Caster testified that the manner of his search was done for his personal safety and was in accordance with his training from the police academy.
K.S.A. 1990 Supp. 22-2402 permits an officer to search a person for dangerous weapons if the officer believes his or her personal safety requires it. This allows the officer to take the precautions the officer believes are reasonably necessary to protect his safety while he or she makes the search and briefly detains the suspect. The trial court did not err in refusing to suppress the eyewitness identification and evidence found in the search subsequent to arrest. When a defendant challenges the admissibility of evidence on the basis it was obtained by an unlawful search and seizure, the State has the burden of proving that the search and seizure
Affirmed.
