129 Wash. App. 155 | Wash. Ct. App. | 2005
¶1 Where the admissibility of testimonial evidence is at issue, the sixth amendment to the United
¶3 Miller and Johnson reported the incident to police, and an officer arrived at the scene to interview them. After the interviews, Officer Osterdahl located a black Honda that matched the description given to the interviewing officer by Miller and Johnson parked at a nearby McDonald’s. Officer Osterdahl parked behind the Honda, leaving a way for the car to exit. Two young men were
¶4 Officer Osterdahl asked the two people in the vehicle if they would step out of the vehicle. They did. The officer advised them of the complaints by Miller and Johnson. Officer Osterdahl asked each for his legal name and date of birth. N.M.K. stated his full name and date of birth. He also admitted that he did not have a driver’s license and had been driving the Honda on Jewell Street. Officer Osterdahl arrested him.
¶5 The State charged N.M.K. with reckless driving and driving without a valid operator’s license. During the fact-finding hearing, the juvenile court held a CrR 3.5 hearing to determine the admissibility of N.M.K.’s statements to Officer Osterdahl prior to arrest. The court determined N.M.K.’s statements were admissible.
¶6 Also in the CrR 3.5 hearing, the State offered a certification from the DOL, indicating that there was no record of a driver’s license for N.M.K. The defense objected, claiming the certification was hearsay. The court overruled the objection and the certification was admitted under ER 803(a)(10), the absence of a public record exception.
¶7 Thereafter, the court found N.M.K. guilty of driving without a valid operator’s license and reckless driving. The juvenile court entered a disposition order that imposed a sentence of six months of community supervision and 21 hours of community service.
¶8 N.M.K. appeals the adjudication of guilt for driving without a valid operator’s license.
PRE-ARREST STATEMENTS
Seizure
¶9 N.M.K. first argues that he was illegally seized by Officer Osterdahl because the officer did not have reasonable suspicion to stop and ask him, as a passenger in the car, to identify himself. According to N.M.K., because the
¶[10 N.M.K. relies on State v. Rankin,
¶11 However, “ ‘not every encounter between a police officer and a citizen is an intrusion requiring an objective justification.’ ”
¶12 Here, other circumstances gave Officer Osterdahl independent cause to ask N.M.K. to identify himself. Officer Osterdahl knew that a black Honda had been seen speeding on Jewell Street. N.M.K. was seated in a car that matched the description of the car involved in the reckless driving incident. The car was parked in a parking lot near Jewell
f 13 Because there was an independent cause to question N.M.K., his state constitutional rights were not violated when Officer Osterdahl asked him to identify himself.
Custodial Interrogation
¶14 N.M.K. also appears to argue that his statements to Officer Osterdahl should have been suppressed because he was not read his Miranda rights before being questioned. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966). We disagree.
¶15 In order to trigger Miranda protections, “[a] suspect must be in custody or ‘otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in a significant way . . . .’ ”
¶16 Here, it is clear that N.M.K. was not seized. Nothing in the words or actions of Officer Osterdahl indicated that N.M.K. was in custody. He did not handcuff N.M.K., nor did he tell him he could not leave the scene. There was no arrest until after the confession. In short, Miranda warnings were
CONFRONTATION CLAUSE
Authenticity
¶17 N.M.K. first argues that the certified copy of the absence of a driver’s license is inadmissible under Crawford because the State failed to establish witness unavailability and there was no evidence that the records custodian had been cross-examined about the record before the hearing. We hold that the document was not testimonial and thus unavailability of the witness was irrelevant.
¶18 Extrinsic evidence of the authenticity of a certified copy of a public record is not required as a condition precedent to admissibility.
Hearsay Exception
f 19 N.M.K. next argues that the certified copy of the statement from the DOL that no operator’s license
¶20 The absence of a public record has traditionally been admitted under an exception to the rule against hearsay as stated in ER 803(a)(10). The comments to ER 803(a)(10) state, “Rule 803(a)(10) defines a hearsay exception [ ] for evidence of a lack of public record or entry, offered to prove the absence of data or the nonoccurrence or nonexistence of a matter of which a public record is regularly made and preserved. The rule parallels the hearsay exception for a lack of a business record [Rule 803(a)(7)].”
¶21 Here, the copy of the certified statement from the DOL was properly admitted under ER 803(a)(10) and ER 803(a)(7).
Testimonial Evidence
f 22 N.M.K. principally argues that the admission of a certified copy from the DOL stating that no license had been issued to him was testimonial and violated his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation as established by Crawford.
¶23 Where the admissibility of testimonial evidence is at issue, the Sixth Amendment requires that the witness be unavailable at trial and that the accused had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the witness.
f24 Here, the certified copy declared “that after a diligent search of computer files there is no document or other evidence ... to indicate that. . . the [DOL] had issued a valid license to” N.M.K. We have heard no persuasive argument that this document is anything other than one that falls squarely within the absence of a public record exception to hearsay that ER 803(a)(10) describes. Such an exception parallels the absence of a business record exception that ER 803(a)(7) describes. The express language of Crawford states that “business records” are not testimonial. But we see no reason in law or logic why the absence of a business or public record should be treated differently. In short, we conclude that such a record is the functional equivalent of a business record for purposes of the confrontation clause.
¶25 Recently, in United States v. Rueda-Rivera,
¶26 In a statement of additional authority, N.M.K. cites a New York State Criminal Court case, People v. Niene,
¶27 First, a decision from a trial court in another state is of questionable precedential value either in that state or this one. Moreover, we are not bound by the decisions of even the highest court of another state.
¶28 We affirm the disposition order.
Kennedy and Ellington, JJ., concur.
Review granted at 157 Wn.2d 1001 (2006).
Crawford, v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004).
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 56.
ER 803(a)(10) states:
The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness:
(10) Absence of Public Record or Entry. To prove the absence of a record, report, statement, or data compilation, in any form, or the nonoccurrence or nonexistence of a matter of which a record, report, statement, or data compilation, in any form, was regularly made and preserved by a public office or agency, evidence in the form of a certification in accordance with rule 902, or testimony, that diligent search failed to disclose the record, report, statement, or data compilation, or entry.
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004).
151 Wn.2d 689, 695, 92 P.3d 202 (2004).
Wash. Const, art. I, § 7.
Rankin, 151 Wn.2d at 699.
Rankin, 151 Wn.2d at 699.
Rankin, 151 Wn.2d at 695 (quoting United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544 553, 100 S. Ct. 1870, 64 L. Ed. 2d 497 (1980)).
Rankin, 151 Wn.2d at 695 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Larson, 93 Wn.2d 638, 642, 611 P2d 771 (1980)).
State v. Mahoney , 80 Wn. App. 495, 496, 909 P.2d 949 (1996) (quoting Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed 2d 694 (1966)).
State v. Ferguson, 76 Wn. App. 560, 566, 886 P.2d 1164 (1995) (quoting 1 Wayne R. LaFave & Jerold H. Israel, Criminal Procedure § 6.6, at 105 (Supp. 1991)).
State v. Young, 135 Wn.2d 498, 501, 957 P.2d 681 (1998).
State v. McWatters, 63 Wn. App. 911, 915, 822 P.2d 787 (1992).
ER 902(d); see State v. Chapman, 98 Wn. App. 888, 891, 991 P.2d 126 (2000) (certified copy of driving record held self-authenticating; live foundation testimony unnecessary).
ER 902.
Extrinsic evidence of authenticity as a condition precedent to admissibility is not required with respect to the following:
(d) Certified Copies of Public Records. A copy of an official record or report or entry therein, or of a document authorized by law to be recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed in a public office, including data compilations in any form, certified as correct by the custodian or other person authorized to make the certification, by certificate complying with section (a), (b), or (c) of this rule or complying with any applicable law, treaty or convention of the United States, or [of this state].
See State v. Ross, 30 Wn. App. 324, 327, 634 P.2d 887 (1981).
5D Karl B. Tegland, Washington Practice: Courtroom Handbook on Washington Evidence, 409-10 (2005).
Tügland, Washington Practice: Courtroom Handbook on Washington Evidence, at 406.
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68.
Crawford., 541 U.S. at 56 (“Most of the hearsay exceptions covered statements that by their nature were not testimonial — for example, business records or statements in furtherance of a conspiracy.”) (emphasis added); Crawford, 541 U.S. at 76 (the court’s analysis of “testimony” excludes at least some hearsay exceptions, such as business records and official records) (Rehnquist, C.J, concurring in judgment).
396 F.3d 678 (5th Cir. 2005).
Rueda-Rivera, 396 F.3d at 680.
Rueda-Rivera, 396 F.3d at 679 (first alteration in original).
Rueda-Rivera, 396 F.3d at 680.
Rueda-Rivera, 396 F.3d at 680.
8 Misc. 3d 649, 798 N.Y.S.2d 891 (2005).
See State v. Wadsworth, 139 Wn.2d 724, 740, 991 P.2d 80 (2000) (other states’ supreme court cases are of no precedential value to Washington courts).
Niene, 8 Misc. 3d 649 (examined whether a police officer’s affidavit of an absence of a license was testimonial).