OPINION
{1} After a jury trial, Lawrence Nieto was found guilty of four counts of felony murder in the first degree, armed robbery with a firearm enhancement, conspiracy to commit murder in the first degree, and tampering with evidence for his involvement in what has come to be known as the Torreón Cabin Murders. On appeal, Defendant asserts: (1) the jury was improperly instructed on the criminal intent necessary to sustain a felony murder conviction; (2) the trial court erred in rejecting Defendant’s tendered jury instructions on mistake of fact and duress; (3) the court erroneously refused to suppress his confession on the grounds that Defendant had not received Miranda warnings; (4) evidence of Defendant’s gang affiliation improperly suggested guilt by association; (5) there was insufficient evidence to support any of his convictions; and (6) the trial court’s errors constituted cumulative error.
{2} We hold: (1) the jury was properly instructed on the intent element of felony murder; (2) the trial court properly rejected Defendant’s instructions on mistake of fact and duress; (3) the court’s refusal to suppress Defendant’s confession was proper because the court determined that Defendant’s statements were not part of a custodial interrogation; (4) evidence of Defendant’s gang affiliation was admissible; (5) there was sufficient evidence to support each conviction; and (6) the trial court did not commit cumulative error. We affirm the convictions.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
{3} On April 14, 1996, Ben Anaya Sr. drove to his cabin near Torreón, New Mexico. Mr. Anaya had not seen his son, Ben Anaya Jr., since December 10, 1995, when Ben Jr. had left for the cabin. Upon arriving at the cabin, Mr. Anaya noticed that trash had been strewn across the yard and the security gate, which his son always locked prior to leaving, had been left wide open. Entering the cabin, Mr. Anaya observed more trash and found evidence of a small fire inside. After turning off the television, Mr. Anaya made his way to the bedroom where he discovered the corpse of a person who would later be identified as his son.
{4} Ben Jr. was not the only body found at the cabin. When Torrance County Deputy Sheriff Susan Encimas entered the cabin, she found the body of Cassandra Sedillo laying face up on the floor. One of Cassandra’s children was on the floor, buried in clothes and a sleeping bag, while the other child lay on the top bunk of a bunk bed. The bodies were in various states of decomposition and infested, in varying degrees, with insects. According to the testimony of Medical Investigator, Dr. Patricia MeFeeley, Ben’s death was caused by a gunshot wound to the head. She also testified that two gunshot wounds, one to the left shoulder and another to the head, resulted in Cassandra’s death. Cassandra’s two young sons, Matthew Garcia and Johnny Ray Garcia, both died as a result of dehydration and starvation. Based on the bodies’ respective degrees of decomposition as well as an entomologist’s report, Dr. MeFeeley concluded that the two adults died on or around December 12, 1995, and the children died sometime in early January 1996.
{5} Lawrence Nieto implicated himself in the murders during three separate statements to police on May 11, May 13, and May 15, 1996. At a suppression hearing, the trial court refused to grant Defendant’s motions to suppress each of his statements. The Court concluded that although Defendant did not receive Miranda warnings prior to his first statement, such warnings were not required because the statement was not part of a custodial interrogation. The second and third statements were uttered during custodial interrogations, but the court found that Defendant had received Miranda warnings prior to both those statements. Accordingly, the trial court denied Defendant’s motion to suppress admission of his statements.
{6} The State charged Defendant with four open counts of murder, aggravated burglary, armed robbery, two counts of tampering with evidence, and conspiracy. At trial in Torrance County, Defendant offered the following account of the night of the murders. He had been at home with his mother when fellow 18th Street gang members Shawn Wilkins and Roy Buckner came over and convinced him to accompany them to the cabin in Torreón. Defendant rode in the backseat of the car. In the front seat, Mr. Wilkins kept a gun on his lap and revealed that the purpose of the trip would be to kill another gang member, Shawn Popeleski.
{7} When they arrived at the cabin, Defendant, Mr. Wilkins, and Mr. Buckner joined Ben, Cassandra, Cassandra’s two children, and Mr. Popeleski. Defendant drank beer and played with the children until Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner took Defendant aside and divulged their plan to rob the others disguised with ski masks and wearing gloves. Defendant testified that he protested, but fear for his own life prevented him from refusing to cooperate. The three of them announced that they were leaving and left the immediate vicinity of the cabin only to hide in the car. While hiding in the car, Defendant, Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner discussed the plan to rob Ben Jr. Defendant claims that he again objected to the plan at that time.
{8} Nevertheless, Defendant accompanied Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner as the plan came to fruition. As the three crept back to the cabin, Defendant encountered Mr. Popeleski. With a shotgun given to him by Mr. Wilkins, Defendant held Mr. Popeleski’s head to the ground, while Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner continued into the cabin. Upon hearing seven to eight shots emanate from the cabin, Defendant fired the shotgun into the air and permitted Mr. Popeleski to escape. Mr. Popeleski’s taped testimony from the preliminary hearings of Mi’. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner corroborates this aspect of Defendant’s testimony. Defendant also testified that the shots he heard indicated to him that everyone in the cabin had been shot, including the children. He claimed that after releasing Mr. Popeleski, he too might have run away but he was in fear for his family. Instead, Defendant joined Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner in the car.
{9} On the drive back to Albuquerque, Defendant testified that Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner stopped to burn the gloves and masks in trash cans. Defendant testified that when Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner returned to the car they laughed and rejoiced in the fact that they had left no witnesses. This apparently supported his belief that no one was left alive in the house. He also testified that he did not call the police because he feared for his life and for the lives of his family. Defendant claimed that he never planned to kill, rob, or otherwise hurt anyone, and reiterated that he did not know that the children were alive. During cross-examination, the State attacked Defendant’s credibility based on the multiple contradictory accounts previously offered by him and insisted that Defendant’s role in the murders was more significant than he indicated. The State theorized that Defendant’s actions were deliberate and motivated by his desire to accommodate the 18 th Street Gang, who had ordered a hit on Ben Jr.
{10} As part of its case in chief, the State called Detective Juan DeReyes of the Albuquerque Police Department’s Metro Gang Unit to testily both as an investigating officer and as an expert on gangs. Overruling Defendant’s objection, the trial judge qualified Detective DeReyes as an expert in gang subculture, but limited his testimony to matters such as specialized vocabulary, gang rituals and procedures, distinctive clothing, and gang symbolism. The judge further restricted Detective DeReyes from testifying to specific instances of Defendant’s prior misconduct unless such evidence was gleaned from Defendant’s own admissions.
{11} Detective DeReyes first defined the word “gang” and listed the criteria used by his unit to identify gangs. After identifying the 18th Street Gang as the largest gang in Albuquerque, Detective DeReyes testified that Defendant was one of its members. Detective DeReyes described the hierarchical structure of gangs, including the violent means of gang initiation and the procedures by which already initiated members rise in the ranks. When the witness began to suggest that the nature of the Torreón murders corresponded with typical gang “hits,” the trial court terminated the testimony. The court refused, however, to grant Defendant’s motions to declare a mistrial or to request that the jury set aside Detective DeReyes’ testimony.
{12} Defendant was convicted of four counts of felony murder in the first degree, contrary to NMSA 1978, § 30-2-l(A)(2) (1994), armed robbery with a firearm enhancement, contrary to NMSA 1978, § 30-16-2 (1973), conspiracy to commit premeditated murder in the first degree, contrary to NMSA 1978, § 30-28-2 (1979), and one count of tampering with evidence, contrary to NMSA 1978, § 30-22-5 (1963). Defendant appeals his conviction on the following theories: (1) the jury instructions impermissibly allowed the jury to convict Defendant without finding that he acted with intent; (2) the trial court erred by denying Defendant’s tendered jury instruction on mistake of fact; (3) the trial court erred by denying Defendant’s tendered jury instruction on duress; (4) the court erroneously admitted Defendant’s statements into evidence; (5) Detective DeReyes’ testimony regarding gangs improperly allowed Defendant’s convictions to be based on his association with the 18th Street Gang; (6) there was insufficient evidence to support the convictions for felony murder, armed robbery, conspiracy, and tampering with evidence; and (7) the trial court’s errors, taken together constitute cumulative error.
THE FELONY MURDER INSTRUCTION
{13} Felony murder consists of a second-degree murder committed in the course of a dangerous felony. Section 30-2-1(A)(2); see State v. Campos,
{14} A general criminal intent instruction is not appropriate unless the legislature has failed to state the intent element of a particular crime. See Campos,
Unless he is acting upon sufficient provocation, upon a sudden quarrel or in the heat of passion, a person who kills another human being without lawful justification or excuse commits murder in the second degree if in performing the acts which cause the death he knows that such acts create a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to that individual or another.
NMSA 1978, § 30-2-KB) (1991); see State v. Varela, 199-NMSC-045, ¶ 21,
MISTAKE OF FACT
{15} Defendant argues that the trial court’s rejection of his tendered mistake of fact instruction constitutes reversible error. At trial, he sought the instruction to support his theory that his mistaken belief that the children had died at the same time as the other victims excused his failure to take action to save them from starvation. A defendant is entitled to have the jury instructed on his theory of the case if that theory is supported by the evidence. State v. Bunce,
DURESS
{16} Based on a defendant’s entitlement to have a jury instruction on his theory of the case read to the jury if it is supported by the evidence, Defendant also argues that the trial court’s refusal to provide the jury with his requested duress instruction constitutes reversible error. He insists that his testimony shows that he acted out of fear for his safety and the well-being of Mr. Popeleski and supports his theory that he was acting under duress. Defendant’s proposed instruction reads, in relevant part:
Evidence has been presented that the defendant was forced to help in the crimes charged under threats. If the defendant feared immediate great bodily harm to himself or another person if he did not help commit the crimes charged and if a reasonable person would have acted in the same way under the circumstances, you must find the defendant not guilty.
This instruction differs from the uniform jury instructions in that it substitutes “help in the crimes charged” for a blank space left open in the uniform jury instruction intended for a description of the acts constituting the specific offense. See UJI 14-5130 NMRA 2000. Defendant’s instruction also substitutes “help commit the crimes” for “commit the crime.” Id. Thus, Defendant’s instruction attempts to establish a global duress instruction applicable to all crimes with which Defendant was charged, rather than enumerating, as UJI 14-5130 prescribes, each specific offense.
{17} A trial court’s refusal to submit a jury instruction is not error if the submission of the instruction would mislead the jury by promoting a misstatement of the law. See State v. Salazar,
ADMISSIBILITY OF THE DEFENDANT’S STATEMENTS
{18} Prior to trial, Defendant moved to suppress his May 11 statement as evidence obtained in violation of Miranda v. Arizona, and his May 13 and May 15 statements as fruits of the poisonous tree.
{19} In reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we observe the “distinction between factual determinations which are subject to a substantial evidence standard of review and application of law to the facts[,] which is subject to de novo review.” State v. Munoz,
{20} A suspect’s Miranda rights attach only when he is the subject of a “custodial interrogation.” Miranda,
{21} Similarly, in Munoz, this Court questioned whether a defendant who had not received Miranda warnings prior to being interrogated was in custody. Munoz,
{22} Defendant also raises the related claim that, independent of the lack of Miranda warnings, his Fifth Amendment right to an attorney was violated when his explicit request to see an attorney was ignored. When an accused has invoked his right to have counsel present during a custodial interrogation he cannot be subject to further interrogation until counsel has been made available to him or he himself initiates further communication. Edwards v. Arizona,
GANG AFFILIATION EVIDENCE
{23} Defendant claims that Detective DeReyes’ expert testimony regarding gang subculture contained evidence of association and bad acts. Without enumerating specific errors or citing rules of evidence, Defendant appears to raise two separate arguments: (1) Detective DeReyes’ testimony constituted improper character evidence, and (2) the testimony was unfairly prejudicial. We review the admission of expert witness testimony for a showing that the trial court abused its discretion. State v. Alberico,
{24} Defendant argues that even if associating Defendant with the 18th Street Gang were admissible, “the bad acts of the gangs and of 18 th Street were not.” Defendant’s brief fails to specify the source for the proposed inadmissibility, but we assume that by mentioning “bad acts,” Defendant refers to inadmissible character evidence. Generally, “[ejvidenee of other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” Rule 11-404(B) NMRA 2000. Such evidence may, however, be offered to prove, “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity or absence of mistake or accident.” Id.
{25} To be sure, evidence of gang affiliation could be used improperly as a backdoor means of introducing character evidence by associating the defendant with the gang and describing the gang’s bad acts. As Rule 11-404(B) suggests, however, evidence of gang affiliation that might otherwise be inadmissible character evidence may be admissible to show other important elements of the crime. See United States v. Robinson,
{26} Defendant also urges that evidence of Defendant’s association with 18 th Street Gang, and the bad acts of that particular gang, was unfairly prejudicial. Evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice or if it confuses the issues or misleads the jury. Rule 11-403 NMRA 2000. Here, as evidence of Defendant’s motive and intent, the testimony had considerable probative value. The fact that the trial court terminated the testimony when the questioning attempted to establish that the exact maimer in which Ben was murdered was consistent with a gang execution suggests that the trial court was vigilant in its enforcement of Rule 11 — 403. In light of the probative value of this testimony, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to terminate the testimony at an earlier time. See State v. Coffin,
SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE
{27} Defendant contends that there was insufficient evidence to support any of his convictions. The test for sufficiency of evidence requires an appellate court to ensure that a “rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt the essential facts required for a conviction.” State v. Garcia,
{28} Defendant states that “[t]he only substantial factual dispute relevant to [his] convictions was whether he in some maimer encouraged, planned or participated in the killings.” He suggests that there exists a general rule that New Mexico requires an overt act by the defendant in order to support an inference of aiding or abetting. He argues that there was insufficient evidence to support such an inference because he “did nothing to manifest his alleged intent, nor anything physical act [sic] to encourage Wilkins or Buckner.” See UJI 14-2821 NMSA 2000. According to his own testimony, Defendant accompanied Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner to the cabin. He spent time with the victims in their cabin until participating in a feigned departure. He waited in the car with Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner as they discussed the plan to rob the victims, then carried a loaded shotgun toward the cabin and held Mr. Popeleski to the ground with the barrel aimed at his head while Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner shot and killed Ben and Cassandra, leaving two small children to starve to death. These actions could have supported an inference of an intent to encourage Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner. We find no merit to Defendant’s argument that the jury lacked sufficient evidence upon which to base an inference that Defendant aided or abetted the commission of felony murder.
{29} This same evidence relied upon by the jury to support the felony murder conviction also could have led the jury to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, the essential facts necessary to support Defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to commit first degree murder. Defendant’s suggestion that “there is no evidence that [he] knew, understood or conspired with Wilkins and Buckner to commit first degree murder” is contradicted by his own testimony that he incapacitated Mr. Popeleski while Mr. Wilkins and Mr. Buckner murdered and robbed the victims. Defendant’s incapacitation of Mr. Popeleski could have also led the jury to find him guilty of armed robbery based on the theory of accomplice liability with which the jury was instructed. See, e.g., State v. Carrasco,
{30} Finally, Defendant asserts that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction for tampering with evidence. Defendant again ignores the fact that the jury was instructed on accomplice liability. Such liability may support a conviction for tampering with evidence. See State v. Casteneda,
CUMULATIVE ERROR
{31} Defendant claims that the proposed errors herein addressed, along with the trial court’s refusal to change venue, amounts to cumulative error and requires reversal. See State v. Woodward,
CONCLUSION
{32} Defendant’s convictions for felony murder, conspiracy to commit first degree murder, armed robbery with a firearm enhancement, and tampering with evidence are affirmed.
{33} IT IS SO ORDERED.