State v. Newton

50 N.J.L. 534 | N.J. | 1888

The opinion of the court was delivered by

Dixon, J.

The plaintiff in certiorari having, on April 13th, 1887, in Jersey City, sold to George W. McGuire a package of oleomargarine colored with annotto, was convicted before the District Court of said city, of thereby violating section 5 of the “Act to^ prevent deception in the sale of oleomargarine, butterine or any imitation of dairy products, and to preserve the public health,” approved March 22d, 1886. Bamph. L., p. 107. This conviction is now before us for review.

One objection made by the plaintiff is, that the record of conviction is not in the form generally required for summary proceedings of this nature. The form adopted is that prescribed in the amendatory act, which went into effect May 1st, 1887. Pamph. L., p. 192. The sale was made before May 1st, but the prosecution was initiated after that date. The legislature has the right to regulate the mode of procedure in prosecutions for antecedent offences, so long as the substantial protections with which the existing laws surround the accused are not impaired. Cooley’s Const. Lim. 272. The mere form in which the technical record should be made up is not one of these substantial protections, and if the legislature of 1887 has indicated a purpose to make their form applicable to previous sales, that purpose should be enforced. We think the language of the supplement expresses such a design.

Another objection is that it was neither averred nor proved below that the plaintiff in certiorari knew that the oleomargarine was colored with anuotto, and without such knowledge he could not, it is urged, be guilty of a penal act.

In Halsted v. State, 12 Vroom 552, the Court of Errors laid down the principle that, in regard to statutory offences, the defendant’s knowledge of all the physical facts which go to constitute the offence is not essential to guilt, unless made so by a proper construction of the statute itself. The briefs in that case refer to many decisions illustrating the principle. On recurring to the statute now under review, it is plain that there are no words in the enactment showing a purpose to make knowledge a constituent of the penal act. The prohibition is in clear and simple terms against the sale of oleomargarine colored with annotto. Unless, therefore, there be discoverable, in what may be deemed the general design of the legislature, an intention to limit this language to cases where the seller is shown to be cognizant of the character of the article sold, the terms of the statute should be effectuated. This general design, as declared both in the title and in the body of the act, is to prevent deception in the sale of oleomargarine, and if we have regard to the public sentiment out of which the law sprung, it was, we think, not only to avoid, for the sake of purchasers, the danger of their buying oleomargarine under the belief that it was butter, but also, thereby, to secure to the manufacturers of butter those advantages which fair and open competition would afford. The object was, not to punish acts intrinsically wrong, but to prevent acts which in their results operated unjustly upon others. This object would be thwarted, if sales could be made with impunity by those ignorant of the ingredients of the article sold. This interpretation of the law does not savor of undue severity. No doubt it may impose some hardship upon some innocent vendors; but the means which dealers in these products generally have of informing themselves as to the substances of which they are compounded, are so ample that but few will suffer save through design or negligence, Avhile no practicable degree of caution would protect purchasers; and it is manifest that the legislature has thought proper to incur the slight risk of injustice to the few, in order to escape the greater risk of injustice to the many.

The plaintiff further objects that as oleomargarine, though colored Avith annotto, is a Avholesome article of food, the legislature has no poAver to prohibit its sale.

If the sole basis for this statute Avere the protection of the public health, this objection would be pertinent, and might require us to consider the delicate questions, whether and how far the judiciary can pass upon the adaptability of the means Avhich the legislature has proposed for the accomplishment of its legitimate ends. But, as already intimated, this provision is not aimed at the protection of the public health. Its object is to secure to dairymen and to the public at large a fuller and fairer enjoyment of their property, by excluding from the market a commodity prepared Avith a view to deceive those purchasing it. It is not pretended that annotto has any other function in the manufacture of oleomargarine than to make it a counterfeit of butter, which is more generally esteemed, and commands a higher price. That the legislature may repress such counterfeits does not admit, I think, of substantial question. Laws of like character have of late years been frequently assailed before the courts, but always without success. A reference to many of them will be found in Powell v. Commonwealth, 114 Penn. St. 265; S. C., 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 992, and State v. Arensberg, 105 N. Y. 123. The validity of the present act was recognized in this court in Carter v. Camden District Court, 20 Vroom 600.

Another objection suggested by counsel is, that the application of the statute to the present ease is a violation of the provision of the federal constitution, which empowers congress to regulate commerce among the several states.

The plaintiff in certiorari was an agent of the manufacturer in Indiana, and sold the oleomargarine in the package in which it had been sent to him by his principal for sale. The package contained ten pounds only, and there is nothing in the testimony to indicate that it was sold here for the purpose of being transported out of the state, or otherwise than it would have been sold directly to a consumer. Whether the state can prevent such a sale seems not yet entirely settled under the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States.

As far back as Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, that court decided that a state law requiring an importer to take a license-before he should be permitted to sell imported goods in the original package, was in conflict with the constitutional clause prohibiting states from levying duties on imports, and also with that giving congress the power of regulating commerce with foreign nations and among the several states. And as recently as last March, in Bowman v. Chicago and N. W. Railway Co., 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 689, Mr. Justice Matthews, delivering the judgment of the court, that a statute of Iowa, forbidding common carriers to bring intoxicating liquors into the state, except on consignment to persons licensed to sell the same, was contrary to the commerce clause of the constitution, expressed his purpose to refrain from rendering any opinion on the point, whether the right of transportation from one state to another includes, by necessary implication, the right of the importer to sell in unbroken packages at the place where the transit terminates. Between these cases, there are many decisions, and still more numerous judicial discussions, upon this large and complex theme of commercial regulation, and it is difficult to gather from them all what rules are to control the subject. But so far as I have been able to analyze them, I think these principles are deducible :

First. The power to pass laws which directly regulate foreign or interstate commerce is vested in congress exclusively, except that, in particular instances, where it would be impracticable to enforce rules uniform throughout the country, the individual states may pass such laws, provided they be not inconsistent with the acts of congress. Of this exceptional character have been considered laws relating to pilots (12 Hibio. 299), port regulations (21 How. 184), ferries (1 Black 603; 107 U. S. 365), bridges over navigable waters (3 Wall. 713; 113 U. S. 205), liens upon vessels (21 Wall. 558), the improvement of harbors, bays and rivers (102 U. S. 691), wharfage (105 TI. S. 559; 121 U. S. 444), and quarantine (118 U. S. 455).

Second. Laws passed by the individual states, in pursuance of their general authority over internal concerns, may incidentally affect foreign and interstate commerce, provided they do not discriminate against such commerce, and are not inconsistent with the acts of congress. On this principle, state laws were maintained with respect to their incidental effect upon commerce in the License Cases, 5 How. 504; Woodruff v. Parham, 8 Wall. 123; Hinson v. Lott, Id. 148; Reading R. R. Co. v. Pennsylvania (Tax on Gross Receipts), 15 Id. 284; Osborne v. Mobile, 16 Id. 479; Railroad Co. v. Fuller, 17 Id. 560; Sherlock v. Alling, 93 U. S. 99; Munn v. Illinois, 94 Id. 113; Chicago R. R. Co. v. Iowa, 94 Id. 155 et seq.; Machine Co. v. Gage, 100 Id. 676, and Smith v. Alabama, 124 Id. 465. But in Welton v. Missouri, 91 U. S. 275; Railroad Co. v. Huson, 95 Id. 465; Cook v. Pennsylvania, 97 Id. 566; Guy v. Baltimore, 100 Id. 434; Webber v. Virginia, 103 Id. 344, and Walling v. Michigan, 116 Id. 446, state regulations were adjudged inoperative against foreign or interstate commerce, on account of their unfavorable discrimination.

The difficulty of determining whether a state law amounts to an attempt to regulate foreign or interstate commerce directly, and is therefore invalid, under the principle first stated, or only incidentally affects such commerce, and so may be sustained upon the second principle, will be readily surmised, and the fluctuations of the Supreme Court itself, in endeavoring to observe the demarcation may, I think, be perceived, on comparing Reading R. R. Co. v. Pennsylvania (Tax on Gross Receipts), 15 Wall. 284, with Philadelphia S. S. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U. S. 326; Munn v. Illinois, 94 Id. 113, and following cases, with Wabash R. R. Co v. Illinois, 118 Id. 557, and Machine Co. v. Gage, 100 Id. 676, with Robbins v. Shelby Taxing District, 120 Id. 489. Such a comparison will justify the remark of Mr. Justice Miller, in Fargo v. Michigan, 121 U. S. 230, 240, “with reference to the utterances of this court, until within a very short time past, as to what constitutes commerce among the several states, and also as to what enactments by the state legislatures are in violation of the constitutional provision on that subject, it may be admitted that the court has not always employed the same language, and that all the judges of the court who have written opinions for it may not have meant precisely the same thing.”

Adopting these principles as criteria, tfie present statute seems valid with regal’d to the transaction now under consideration. Bearing in mind what has been said as to the purport of this law, and noting the declarations of the Supreme Court of the United States in reference to the scope of the police power of the states, the enactment appears to come within this department of legislative authority. “The police power,” says Mr. Justice Field, in the Slaughter House Cases, 16 Wall. 87, “ undoubtedly extends to all regulations affecting the health, good order, morals, peace and safety of society.” So Mr. Justice Bradley, in Beer Company v. Massachusetts, 97 U. S. 33: “There seems to be no doubt that the police power extends to the protection of the lives, health and propperty of the citizens, and to the preservation of good order and the public morals.” And Mr. Justice Harlan, in Guy v. Baltimore, 100 U. S. 443: “In the exercise of its police powers, a state may exclude from its territory, or prohibit the sale therein of any articles which, in its judgment, fairly exercised, are prejudicial to the health, or which could endanger the lives or property of its people.” A statute forbidding the sale of an article manufactured with the view of deceiving purchasers, and in a manner likely to accomplish that result, is within the power thus described.

The application of this statutory prohibition to sales of oleomargarine brought from other states and not intended for further transportation, produces only an indirect and incidental effect upon interstate commerce. It may be conceded that, according to the views expressed in Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419 goods imported for the purpose of sale continue to be the subjects of foreign or interstate commerce until the imported package is broken up or sold by the importer, and, until they become thus incorporated with the mass of property in the state, traffic in them is free from all legislative regulations, except such as congress may prescribe, whose silence would only evince a purpose to have the traffic untrammeled. But later judicial opinions depart somewhat from these views. Thus Chief Justice Taney, in the License Cases, 5 How. 586, said: “Although the gin sold” (being in the original package), “ was an import from another state, and congress have clearly the power to regulate such importations under the grant of power to regulate commerce among the several states, yet, as congress has made no regulation on the subject, the traffic in the article may be lawfully regulated by the state as soon as it is landed in its territory, and a tax imposed upon it, or a license required, or the sale altogether prohibited, according to the policy which the state may suppose to be its interest or duty to pursue.” So, in Hinson v. Lott, 8 Wall. 148, Mr. Justice Miller, speaking of a state law which imposed a tax of fifty cents a gallon on liquors introduced into the state for sale (a like tax being levied upon liquors manufactured in the state), said : “ As the effect of the act institutes no legislation which discriminates against the products of sister states, but merely subjects them to the same rate of taxation which similar articles pay that are manufactured within the state, we do not see in it an attempt to regulate commerce, but an appropriate and legitimate exercise of the taxing power of the states.” So, in Brown v. Houston, 114 U. S. 622, coal in New Orleans, transported thither from Pennsylvania by its owners, who resided in Pittsburg, was decided to be subject to taxation in common with other property under the laws of Louisiana, Mr. Justice Bradley saying: “ The coal had arrived at its destination and was put up for sale; * * * it was a commodity in the market of New Orleans; * * * it had become a part of the general mass of property in the state.” Likewise, in Robbins v. Shelby Taxing District, 120 U. S. 497, Mr. Justice Bradley said: “ When goods are sent from one state to another for sale, or in consequence of a sale, they become part of its general property and amenable to its laws, provided that no discrimination be made against them as goods from another state.” Having thus held that goods brought into one state from another become subject to the general jurisdiction of the former state as soon as they are deposited at their final destination, the court, in Coe v. Errol, 116 U. S. 517, decided that goods, intended for transportation to another state, did not pass beyond the general jurisdiction of the state in which they were, and into the exclusive jurisdiction of congress, as articles of interstate commerce, until they were shipped, or entered with a common carrier for transportation to another state, or were started upon such transportation in a continuous route or journey.

■ In conformity with these later cases, it seems proper to conclude that the package of oleomargarine with which we are now dealing, became, on its delivery to the consignee in Jersey City, subject to our laws relating generally to all articles of that nature in the state, unless those laws are opposed to the legislation of congress. The only federal law with reference to the selling of oleomargarine is that passed August 2d, 1886 (24 U. S. Stat. at Large, p. 209), regulating the manufacture, &c., and imposing a special tax on those dealing in it. This law incorporates with itself section 3243 of the Eevised Statutes, which expressly repels the inference that the payment of such a tax will legalize the traffic, and implies that the prohibition of such traffic by state legislation is permissible. McGuire v. Commonwealth, 3 Wall. 387; License Tax Cases, 5 Id. 462; Pervear v. Commonwealth, 5 Id. 475.

Our opinion is that the state law is constitutional.

None of the objections presented by the plaintiff can prevail, and his conviction should be affirmed.