On Aрril 25, 1972, police officers executed a search warrant at defendant’s residence in Albany, Oregon. They found and seized various narcotic and dangerous drugs. Based on this evidence, defendаnt was convicted of two counts of criminal activity in drugs in violation of ORS 167.207. His contentions on appeal are that the trial court erred: (I) by not granting his motion to suppress the drugs on the grounds that the officers failed to announce their identity and purpose before opening the door to his house; and (II) by sustaining objections to testimony challenging the facts in the affidavit supporting the search wаrrant. We affirm.
I
Three or four officers executed the search warrant in the middle of the afternoon on April 25. While one officer went to the back door the others went to the front door. Offiсer Klinge knocked on the closed front door “seven or eight times.” He waited “probably a minute,” listening for a response or any other sounds within the residence. Hearing nothing, he opened the unlоcked door and, without entering, announced, “Police officers. * * * We are here with a search warrant.” The officers at the front door then entered, found defendant asleep, read him thе search warrant and advised him of his rights—presumably after waking him up—and proceeded to search.
Defendant contends that since Officer Klinge made the announcement of identity and purpose after ■opening the front door, instead of before doing so, the search that followed was invalid.
Knock and announce issues have been consid
*269
ered by ns on several occasions.
①
Recently the Oregon Supreme Court in
State v. Valentine/Darroch,
Therefore, the only knock and announce issue now cognizable in Oregon is whether the police entry violated the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
④
as interpreted in
Ker v. California,
*270
Valentine/Darroch,
supra, and
State v. Gassner,
Ker, Valentine/Darroch and Gassner hold that, in general, for a search to be reasonablе under the Fourth Amendment the officers must first knock, announce their identity and announce their purpose before entering the premises to be searched. However, there are well-recоgnized exceptions to this requirement. Officers need not knock and announce, for example, when they reasonably believe that doing so would lead to the destruction of evidence, ⑤ result in the escape of persons in the premises, ⑥ increase the peril to the safety of the officers or others, ⑦ or when the officers gain entry by way of a subterfuge. ⑧
In this еase the state does not contend that any of these exigent circumstances were present. Instead, the thrust of the state’s argument is that Officer Klinge did comply, or at least substantially comрly, .with the constitutional announcement requirement.
We agree. Just as it is unnecessary to make any announcement in certain circumstances, see, nn 5-8, supra, we hold the method of making an announcement, when required, can vаry with the circumstances the officers encounter. The minute of silence that followed Officer Klinge’s seven or eight knocks could be viewed as an indication that nobody was at home, in which case it would seem irrelevant whether announcement was made before or after opening the door —assuming it was necessary at all. Alternatively, *271 the facts that it was the middle of the afternoоn, that a pickup truck was in the driveway and that a sign on the front door said, “Day Sleeper,” may, as defendant urges, have indicated that somebody was in the house, probably asleep. Under this analysis the officers’ act of opening the door to make their announcement more likely heard was not unreasonable. Thus, under either view of the circumstances the officers encountеred, the fact that they opened the door, then announced their identity and purpose and then entered did not violate the Fourth Amendment.
This conclusion is consistent with the purposes underlying the announcement requirement: (1) avoidance of the danger of violence that might follow an unannounced entry; and (2) protection of the privacy of those within the residence to be searched. State v. Valentine/Darroch, supra. When a residence is vacant, even a completely unannounced police entry cannot provoke a violent reaction and cannot violate anybоdy’s rights of privacy. When a residence is occupied by somebody who is asleep, an announcement made by the police in such a way that it is most likely to be heard is the best way to minimize the danger of violence and to protect rights of privacy.
n
The affidavit filed in application for the warrant to search defendant’s residence stated the police had been told by Albеrt McFarland that he had been in that residence about 12:50 a.m., April 25, 1972, had seen an unidentified woman sell marihuana to an unidentified man and had seen additional amounts of various narcotic and dangerous drugs in the residence.
At the suppression hearing defendant sought to *272 challenge the accuracy of the affidavit. Defendant called a Miss Smith who testified she had been with Albert McFarland the evening of April 24 until about 1 a,m., April 25, and that he had not entered defendant’s residence during that time. ⑨ Defendant called a Miss Roberts who testified that she had been in defendant’s residence the late evening of April 24, and early morning of April 25. Apparently defense counsel was about to ask Miss Roberts if Albert McFarland had been in the residence during that period when the district attorney objected to further inquiry “on the grounds of relevancy.” The circuit cоurt sustained the objection. This ruling is the basis of defendant’s second assignment of error.
It has been argued that a criminal defendant has a constitutional right to contest the accuracy and veraсity of statements in a search warrant affidavit. ⑩ The question here argued, however, is not whether this right exists in Oregon, but, instead, the proper procedures to be followed in exercising it.
Our prior cases have assumed, although not expressly held, that criminal defendants who seek to contest the truthfulness of statements in a search warrant affidavit must first file a motion to controvert before the issuing magistrate pursuant to ORS
*273
141.150.
⑪
State v. Wright,
This is not to say that proceedings on a motion to suppress in the circuit court are necessarily just limited to the question of whether the face of the affidavit establishes probable cause, as the district attorney argued at one point in the suppression hearing in this case. Pacts relating to other matters, such as possible violation of thе knock and announce requirement,
see,
point I, supra, have always been developed at suppression hearings. Moreover, in
State v. Stanton,
In this case, however, defendant sought to challenge the truthfulness of the search warrant affidavit for the first time in a suppression hearing, without having previously filed a motion to controvert. He urges that we should reject the assumption of our prior cases, follow
People v. Butler,
64 Cal2d 842, 52 Cal Rptr 4,
*274 We do not reach, the merits of defendant’s argument for two reasons.
First, after the district attorney’s objection to questions relating to the truthfulness of the affidavit was sustained, defendant made no offer of proof. In the absence of an offer of proof, even if we assumed the testimony defendant sought to introduce was admissible, we would have no wаy of knowing whether its exclusion was prejudicial to defendant.
State v. Jenkins,
Second, defendant has not presented this issue in a manner that complies with Rule 2.35 of the rules of this court.
Affirmed.
Notes
State v. Smith,
“No law shall violate the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search, or seizure; and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath, or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized.” Oregon Constitution, Art I, § 9.
“The officer may break open any outer or inner door or window of a dwelling house, or otherwise, to execute the warrant if, after notice of his authority and purpose, he is refused admittance.” ORS 133.290.
“The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” U.S. Const, amend. IV.
State v. Smith, supra; State v. Mitchell et al, supra.
See, State v. Mitchell et al, supra.
State v. Larkins, supra; State v. Vance, supra.
State v. Valentine/Darroch,
No question is presented as to whether on the basis of Miss Smith’s testimony, received without objection, the motion to suppress should have been granted.
Controverting Probable Cause in Facially Sufficient Affidavits, 63 J Crim L C & P S 41 (1972); Kipperman, Inaccurate Search Warrant Affidavits as a Ground for Suppressing Evidence, 84 Harv L Rev 825 (1971); Comment, The Outwardly Sufficient Search Warrant Affidavit: What if it’s False?, 19 UCLA L Rev 96 (1971); and Note, Testing the Factual Basis for a Search Warrant, 67 Colum L Rev 1529 (1967).
“I£ the person from whose possession the property was taken controverts the grounds of issuing the warrant, the magistrate shall proceed to examine the matter by taking testimony in relation thereto.” ORS 141.150.