45 La. Ann. 1137 | La. | 1893
Lead Opinion
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The defendants were indicted jointly for murder, tried and convicted, and separate verdicts as to each returned by the jury, Nash guilty as charged, and Barnett guilty as charged without capital punishment. They were sentenced in accordance with the verdict, and appealed from the judgment.
Their defences are as follows:
I.
To the ruling of the court in setting the case for trial.
II.
To the ruling of the court in refusing motion for continuance.
III.
To the ruling of the court in refusing to let the witness, T. W. Tusten, testify before the jury as to the general reputation of the deceased, McOort, at Monroe, La.
To the ruling of the court in refusing to let P. W. Perry, one of the jury, testify on the motion for new trial; the said Perry having been offered as a witness by defendants to prove that when offered as a juror he was'asked as to his age, and that he answered that he was twenty-two years of age.
V.
To the ruling of the court in overruling motion for new trial.
VI.
To the ruling of the court in overruling the motion in arrest of judgment.
Exceptions 1 and 2 are controlled by the same principle and will be discussed together, as is done in defendants’ brief.
The rule of the District Court before which the defendants were tried is that the District Attorney has the exclusive right to fix eases, except where sufficient time is npt allowed the defendant to secure his witnesses.
On the 22d day of April, 1893, the first day on which cases on the calendar of the court were called under the rules for the purpose of being set down for trial, the District Attorney proposed and offered to fix the case of defendants for trial on the 25th of April following. The defendants objected on the ground that two important witnesses, residing in another State, would be present if the case was fixed at a later date; that there was not sufficient time to obtain their voluntary attendance, which was assured at a later period, and defendants had not the time to communicate with them and secure' their promised voluntary attendance.
The fixing of cases for trial by the court is a matter relating to its discipline, and, as we have often said, we will not interfere with this discipline unless a manifest wrong has been inflicted upon the defendants. From the statemenUof the trial judge we are satisfied that no such wrong has been inflicted upon the defendants. He says the absent witnesses were non-residents and could not be forced to appear by any process of his court.
It would be a most unusual proceeding to continue a case foi the purpose of allowing the defendants to communicate with absent witnesses to ascertain if their voluntary attendance could be obtained. Defendants in criminal cases could multiply absent witnesses at each
He says the witnesses lived at points in Texas, from which they could reach the court in twenty-four hours, and that they could be reached by telegraph.
The defendants, as a matter of right, were not entitled to the delay, and we think the trial judge was fully justified in refusing to allow the delay, in the exercise of a discretion which, in such a case, was exclusively his, on the showing made by the defendants.
Por the reasons alleged in their protest defendants filed a motion for a continuance on the ground of the absence of these two alleged important witnesses. The reasons above stated will apply to the refusal to grant the continuance on account of the absence of these witnesses.
In the same motion it is alleged as a ground also for a continuance that two witnesses, who reside in Shreveport, material and important, were absent from said city, and that defendants had placed their names with the clerk of the court for the purpose of having them summoned. The facts which they expected to prove by said witnesses are detailed at length. Orisp, one of the witnesses, was in court during the trial and he was not placed on the stand. The trial judge stated this from his personal knowledge.
In respect to the facts expected to be proved by Bernstein, the absent witness, the trial judge .states that his testimony would be only cumulative; that several witnesses testified to the overt act of deceased, that he did make threats against the life of the accused Nash, and that he and his co-defendant were informed of these threats. But the evidence showed, to the satisfaction of the jury, that the deceased made no effort to carry these threats into execution. On this point the evidence was conflicting, but the trial judge says the jury rejected the testimony of an overt act by the deceased and accepted that of the witnesses who testified to the fact that the “ deceased was facing the bar counter, with his left side toward the front door of the saloon, when the accused entered by that door, and
But we are of the opinion that the accused did not show due diligence in endeavoring to procure the attendance of Bernstein. On January 24, 1893, on motion of defendants, the case was continued. They had from this time on to the trial, to secure by legal process the attendance of Bernstein.
3. T. W. Tusten, a witness for the defence, was offered to prove the reputation of the deceased in Monroe, La., for being a dangerous and quarrelsome man, one who would likely carry his threats into execution. His testimony was rejected on the ground that it was not an effort to prove his character, where the deceased and accused resided, which would be a presumption that the accused knew his character.
To give the reputation of the deceased in evidence, which he bore in a distant community, it is necessary to show at least that the accused were aware of his character in said community. Ho attempt was made to show that the defendants knew the character deceased bore in the city of Monroe. Besides, the proof of some attempt on the part of deceased to commit an overt act against accused must be first shown as a foundation for such evidence.
4. P. W. Perry, a member of the jury, was placed on the witness stand by defendants to prove that when offered as a juror he was asked as to his age and answered that he was 22 years of age, when he was in fact only 20, and therefore an incompetent juror. The judge refused to admit his statement as a witness.
It is true that the evidence sought to be elicited from the witness was not to impeach the verdict, but we are of the opinion that the same rule will apply in rejecting such testimony as prevents the testimony of a juror to impeach the verdict rendered by him.
In case of State vs. Price, 37 An. 217, we said: The rule is of universal acceptance that jurymen will not be permitted to impeach their own verdict and thus declare their own perjury, for one oath
5. Evidence was introduced to show that the juror Perry was an incompetent juror, not having attained his majority. If the defendants had interrogated the juror Perry on his voir dire as to his age and he had deceived them by stating he was a major, this would be evidence of due diligence on part of defendants. If they had not so interrogated him, this would be a lack of diligence and a waiver of the cause of challenge. Thompson & Merriman on Juries, Sec. 802 et seq.; State vs. Garig, 43 An. 365.
If the fact had been shown conclusively on the trial of the motion that the witness had been questioned as to his age, then testimony could be heard as to his age, and if the fact of minority was proven, the defendants would be entitled to a new trial.
The testimony is conflicting as to whether*the juror had been interrogated as to his age.
The presumption is in favor of the juror’s competency, after he has been sworn and impaneled. To rebut this presumption the evidence must be strong and convincing. The trial judge believed that the question as to age had not been asked the juror, and he therefore overruled the motion for a new trial.
The trial judge says in his written opinion: “It can not be denied that defendants have, in the language of Bishop, failed to make it very distinct that the juror Perry was questioned as to his age before he was accepted.
“ It is not necessary to go into any examination of the evidence. It is admitted to be contradictory, and the admission might have gone to the extent of conceding tlíat it is flatly contradictory in some vital points — so contradictory, in fact, that no one can read it and be free of a reasonable doubt on the subject. It was the duty of defendants to remove these doubts, and as they have failed to do so, their application for a new trial must be denied.”
We can add nothing to the force of this statement. A disputed fact was submitted to him, and he has found the fact, and we will not, in a motion for a new trial in a criminal case, disturb his ruling in such a case.
6. The motion in arrest of judgment assigns as a ground therefor the nonage of the juror Perry. This fact does not appear upon the face of the record. It also assigns as a reason for arresting the judgment ihe fact that one of the defendants was found guilty as charged, and the other guilty as charged without capital punishment.
They were jointly tried. The jury could have acquitted one and convicted the other. There is no reason why a qualified verdict could not be returned as to one, and an unqualified verdict as to the other.
The law authorizes such a verdict.
7. Two jurors were challenged for c'au^e by defendants, which was merited.- They were then peremptorily challenged. They did not serve on the jury, and the defendants have .no cause to complain. 35 An. 317; 35 An. 327; 37 An. 77; 36 An. 206; 37 An. 768.
Judgment affirmed.
Rehearing
On Rehearing.
This case has been transferred from the Monroe term to this term for decision under an application for rehearing.
The only point in our original opinion which demands reconsideration is the one based on the nonage of the juror Perry, who served on the jury and participated in the verdict.
■ This point is presented on a motion for new trial in the following terms: “That one of the jurors that composed the panel that tried the case against the defendants, P. W. Perry, was not a competent and qualified juror under the laws of Louisiana, for the reason that he was under twenty-one yehrs of age, and not a qualified elector at the time of said trial and at the time he was taken on said jury; that they, through their counsel, used all due diligence in their efforts to secure jurors competent and qualified; that one of their counsel asked the said juror, Perry, his age, and the said juror answered he was twenty-two years old; that said answer was untrue, misleading and a fraud upon defendants, and that by said answer he caused himself to be taken on said jury; that they had no knowledge of said juror’s disqualification and incompetency at the time he was tendered and accepted by them, and until after the trial of said case had been concluded and the verdict rendered and the jury discharged.” The facts thus alleged were verified by the affidavit of both the accused and of their counsel.
In this State it has been held in a long series of decisions that rulings of the judge made in the course of the trial, or on motions for new trial, on questions submitted to the judge alone and involving blended issues of law and fact, are reviewable in this court on the facts as well as the law, provided the testimony be reduced to writing and embodied in or attached to the bill of exceptions taken to the ruling.
The leading cases on this point are State vs. Nelson, 32 An. 842, and State vs. Seiley, 43 An. 143, in the last of which the whole subject was reviewed and the doctrine not only reaffirmed but extended (over a dissenting opinion) so as to authorize the parties to demand the reduction to writing of the testimony taken in such cases and to make a refusal of the judge to do so reversible error.
But the general doctrine has been announced in a multitude of cases: 32 An. 819, 854, 1052, 1086; 34 An. 69, 149, 881; 35 An. 770, 823; 36 An. 87, 158, 920; 37 An. 780, 172, 443; 38 An. 539, 581, 660, 684; 39 An. 319, 862, 919; 40 An. 75, 740; 41 An. 143; 42 An. 83.
It is no longer open to discussion, and it imposes on this court the. power and duty to review the findings of the judge in this case not only on the law, but on the facts as exhibited by the testimony, with which the questions of law are inseparably blended.
We consider that, for the maintenance of their motion for newtrial on this point, it was essential that defendants should prove all of three facts, viz.: (1) That the juror, Perry, was under the age of twenty-one; (2) that this fact was unknown to the defendants and their counsel until after verdict; (3) that the juror was questioned as to his age on his voir dire and answered that he was of the age required by law.
The sufficiency of the proof on the first two points was conceded by the judge a quo, and we find no ground for questioning it.
The learned judge, with his usual directness and perspicuity, says: “The pivotal point is, did the defendants examine the juror as to his age, and were they misled by his answers? This is purely a question of fact to be decided on the evidence adduced. If the
This court has decided the precise points, saying: “An opportunity is afforded the prisoner of inquiring into the qualifications of the juror on the voir dire examination. If, upon that inquiry, he be found to want the legal qualifications, he may be set aside for that cause. It would have been different if the juror,.when interrogated, had stated that he had acquired the requisite residence, was free from bias, or that he possessed any other legal qualification, and it had been subsequently discovered that the statement was false. This would have been a fraud upon the prisoner, from which .he could have been relieved.” State vs. Kennedy, 8 Rob. 596.
We have been at pains to make quite an extensive examination of the authorities bearing on this subject, and while we discover some conflict of opinion on the question- whether the incompetency of a juror, though discovered only after verdict, will be ground for new trial in absence of due diligence in testing his qualifications by proper inquiries during the examination on the voir dire, we find no authority holding or suggesting that the new trial can be denied when the party has exercised full diligence in questioning the juror on his voir dire and has been misled and deceived into accepting an incompetent juror by his own answers, avowing his competency, which are sub - sequently discovered to be false. We do not believe such a precedent exists or will ever be made.
The learned trial judge, however, while affirming the above principle, bases his refusal of the new trial on the ground that the evi
He quotes the following observation of Mr. Bishop in his work on Criminal Procedure, Vol. 1, Sec. —: “ But if, through undiseoverable and unknown wrong, the defendant has been tried and convicted by a panel containing an unfit juror, the evidence of which must be very distiuct where the verdict is right, a new trial will be granted.” He then proceeds to state his opinion that the verdict in this case is right, and that the defendants suffered no practical injury from the fact of the juror’s nonage, and then continues: “ These observations of Bishop do not affect the right of defendants to a new trial where the evidence distinctly shows that they were misled by incorrect answers touching a juror’s age, given before he is accepted and sworn. But they distinctly recognize the rule that the burden of proving that the preliminary examination was held is on the defendants, and the proof must be very distinct and clear where the verdict is right. A mere numerical preponderance of witnesses or a reasonable doubt whether the preliminary examination was or was not had is insufficient. The fact must be established with such a degree of distinct certainty as leaves no reasonable doubt of its existence. If there remains a reasonable doubt of its existence, such doubt can not enure to the benefit of the accused. On the contrary, it enures to the benefit of the verdict, where the latter is fully justified by the law and the evidence.”
It must be admitted that the above is a very strong statement of the weight of the burden of proof carried by defendant; but while the language employed is perhaps a little too strenuous, we are disposed to approve the statement of the rule, with some moderation of its terms, as substantially correct.
The judge proceeds: “Testing the application of this rule, it can not be denied that defendants have failed, in the language of Bishop, to make it very distinct that the juror Perry was questioned as to his age before he was accepted. It is not necessary to go into an examination of the evidence. It is admitted to be contradictory in some vital points — so contradictory, in fact, that no one can read it and be free of a reasonable doubt on the subject. It was the duty of defendants to remove such doubt, and as they have- failed to do so, their application for a new trial must be denied.”
The application for rehearing emphasizes the solemnity of our duty, in a ease involving the life of one and the liberty of the other defendant, to review the testimony on the point involved and to determine whether or not it has been correctly weighed by the district judge, and sustains his conclusion that it leaves the fact in controversy subject to reasonable doubt. This duty we could not evade without ignoring the tenor of the constant jurisprudence of this court as settled by the numerous decisions above quoted.
We have now read again and re-read the evidence, and if any fact can be established by human testimony, we can not avoid the conclusion that the testimony in this case clearly establishes that the juror Perry was questioned on his voir dire as to his age, and that he did answer that he was 22 years of age.
Ten witnesses positively swear that they heard the question asked and the answer made. We name them because several of them are known to members of this court as honorable and creditable persons, and none of them are in any way impeached. They are M. O. Elstner, A. L. Kahn (the two counsel of defendants), W. M. D. Cawthon, T. T. Land, Jr., H. O. Rogers, C. W. Crane, S. Kahn, D. March, A. Holt and Prank Looney. Our late respected clerk, W. G. Boney, also testifies that he heard some juror questioned as to his age who answered that he was 22 years old, but could not say whether or not it was the juror Perry.
Against this positive testimony the State brings five witnesses, all of whom state that they were paying attention to the examination and to the questions and answers, and that they heard no such question to Perry or answer by him. One of them, M. L. Scovell, says: “ I am positive the question as to his age was not asked; but there is a possibility that it was asked and I might not have heard it.” Another, N. W. Buckalew, says: “ I will not swear that I heard all the questions asked him.” Another, J. H. Jordan, says: “I do not think the question was asked, but it possibly was.” Another, J. H. Prescott, says: “ I will not say it was impossible,” etc., and again, if the question was asked, “ I would have heard it, as I heard everything; but possibly it passed from my memory.”
This is a fair statment of the whole testimony found in the record, with the exception of some conflicting evidence about certain statements made by one of the counsel, which has no substantial bearing on the question. On this evidence we are bound to determine whether the defendants have discharged the burden of proof devolving on them. If they have not, how could it be done? If ten unimpeached witnesses positively testifying to a fact evidenced by their own senses are not sufficient, what number would suffice? If the testimony of five persons who did not hear, or do not remember to have heard, a question asked and answered can overthrow or even shake the testimony of ten persons who positively swear that they heard the question and answer, how could such a fact be established in any case? A case of the kind could hardly arise in which witnesses could not be found who did not hear or remember the question and answer. The question as to a juror’s age is not one ordinarily calculated to attract anyone’s attention, or to fix itself on the memory. The question and answer may have been made and yet the witnesses of the State may be absolutely truthfal in their statements. But if the question and answer did not occur, the ten witnesses who swear positively that they heard them are undoubtedly perjurers. As we said in another ease, “ the assertion of a fact which has never had existence can not be consistent with truth, whereas the denial of a fact which has existence may, without violating truth, be the result of inattention or defective memory. Hence the rule that positive testimony on a given point must always predominate over negative testimony on the same point.” Story vs. Ins. Co., 87 An. 258; Guesnard vs. Bird, 88 An. 799.
In this case we do not think it to be a mere question of predomination of evidence. We consider that there is no conflict whatever in the evidence. It leaves no doubt on our minds, reasonable or unreasonable. Unless the ten witnesses of defendants are wilful and conscious perjurers, the defendant’s case is so clearly established that “ the probatio'n bears no hinge or loop to hang a doubt on.”
The defendants unquestionably had the constitutional right to a trial by jury — by the historical jury of twelve men possessing the
However much we may regret the necessity of setting aside a verdict approved as right by the trial judge, our duty under the law and on our official oaths leaves us no other alternative.
It is therefore ordered that our former decree herein be annulled.
It is now adjudged and decreed that the sentences appealed from be avoided and reversed, that the verdict be set aside, and that the case be remanded to the lower court for a new trial according to law.