41 S.E. 13 | S.C. | 1902
March 7, 1902. The opinion of the Court was delivered by The appellant was convicted and sentenced for violating the act, approved February 11th, 1898, known as the emigrant agents act. This appeal from said judgment raises two questions: (1) Whether the indictment should have been quashed for uncertainty in charging the offense, in failing to specify any act of hiring or soliciting a laborer or laborers to be employed beyond the limits of the State, and (2) Whether said act is constitutional.
1. The Circuit Court quashed the first count of the indictment, but refused to quash the second count, which is as follows: "And the jurors aforesaid, upon their oath aforesaid, do further present: That J.W. Napier, on the 20th day or December, in the year of our Lord 1899, with force and arms, at Bennettsville, in the county and State aforesaid, did unlawfully engage in hiring laborers and in soliciting emigrants in this State, to wit: in the State of South Carolina, and in the county of Marlborough, to be employed beyond the limits of this State — that is to say, which laborers and emigrants were then and there to be exported from this State for employment beyond the limits of this State; the said J.W. Napier then and there not having first obtained a license therefor and so to do from the State treasurer of the State of South Carolina; against the form of *63
the statute in such case made and provided and against the peace and dignity of the State." An indictment whether at common law or under a statute must state the offense with sufficient certainty and particularity to enable (1) the Court to properly perform its duty in ascertaining whether, if the facts stated be true, they constitute a criminal offense, in confining the testimony to the specific charge and in imposing the proper punishment in case of conviction; (2) that the defendant may know what he is called upon to answer and to properly prepare his defense, and (3) that an acquittal or conviction may be pleaded in a subsequent prosecution for the same offense. The Constitution, art I., sec. 18, requires that the accused shall "be fully informed of the nature and cause of accusation," and this must necessarily involve a particular statement of all the facts constituting the offense charged. Applying the rule requiring certainty in charging a criminal offense, it has been held in State v. Steedman, 8 Rich., 312, and other cases, that an indictment for retailing spirituous liquors was bad, for failing to specify any person to whom the sale was made or other identifying circumstances, and this same principle was recently applied by this Court in the cases of State v. Jeffcoat,
It is contended in this case that the indictment falls within the exception and not within the general rule, and the difficulty lies in determining in which class the offense charged should be placed. The offense made punishable by the statute in question is doing or carrying on the business of hiring laborers or soliciting emigrants in this State to be employed beyond the limits of the State, without a license. The statute affects a business or vocation rather than a specific act. The title is "to prohibit emigrant agents from plying theirvocation, c." The first section says, "no person shall carryon the business of an emigrant agent, c." The second section defines emigrant agents to mean "any person engaged in hiring laborers or soliciting emigrants in this State to be employed beyond the limits of the State." The fourth section provides "that any person doing the business of an emigrant agent without first having obtained such license, shall be guilty, c." The nature of the offense, it would seem, involves a succession or continuation of acts of hiring or soliciting sufficient to justify an inference that such acts were done in pursuit of the business or vocation of hiring or soliciting laborers, c. Formerly in this State retailing without license was considered to be like keeping a tavern without license, and to require for its completion a succession of acts, as shown by the case of State v. McBryde, 4 McCord, 322; and in the case of State v. Steedman, Wardlaw, J., said: "Under that view, an indictment that the defendant from a day certain to a day certain, or on a day certain and divers others days, did retail certain spirituous liquors without license to divers persons, might be sufficiently definite, but the proof of a single act of retailing would not serve for conviction, unless it raised the presumption of other acts, so *66 many as to constitute the unlawful habit." The Court in that case then proceeds to show that since it is settled in this State that the offense of retailing without a license is made complete by a single act, and a conviction for one act of retailing does not bar a prosecution for another act preceding the finding of the indictment, it is indispensible to specify in the indictment the person to whom the sale was made. As the carrying on of a business or the plying of a vocation necessarily involves the idea of successive acts, continuity of habit, we do not think proof of a single act of hiring or soliciting a laborer to be employed beyond the State limit would serve for conviction of the statutory offense under consideration, unless it was under circumstances which would raise a presumption of other such acts, so many as constitute the unlawful business or vocation. This being our view of the nature of the offense under notice, we are of opinion that it falls within the exceptions to the general rule, and that in indictment therefor it is not essential to specify particular acts of hiring or soliciting, but that it is sufficient to state the offense in the terms of the statute defining it, as was done in this case.
The constitutionality of the act is assailed under art. I., sec. 5, and art. X., sec. 1, of the State Constitution, and under art. IV., sec. 2, and art. XIV., sec. 1, and art. I., sec. 8, of the Federal Constitution. Art. I., sec. 5, Constitution of South Carolina, reads as follows: "The privileges and immunities of citizens of this State and of the United States under this Constitution shall not be abridged, nor shall any person be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the law." Art. XIV., sec. 1, of the Federal Constitution, is as follows: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any State deprive any *67 person of life, liberty or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." It is contended that the act in question abridges the privileges of the citizen in restraining his right to make contracts of hiring, c., and in restraining his right of egress from the State. But we fail to see wherein the act so operates, unless it be in a very remote and incidental way. The act, which is reported herewith, does not affect the right of any citizen to leave the State for labor elsewhere whenever he pleases, and to make such contract for his labor as he chooses. The statute, as already stated, affects only those who carry on the business of an emigrant agent, whose vocation is to hire laborers and solicit emigrants to be employed beyond the limits of the State. It is easy to see that the business is of such a nature that the legislature might well see fit to thus regulate it, not only for the protection of the agricultural and manufacturing interests of the State, but for the protection of the laborers themselves against the acts and solicitations of designing and irresponsible persons, who may ply such a vocation in order to levy contributions from the ignorant and allured laborers, and then not be found when the laborers, according to appointment, appear at the railroad station to take their departure with him to their fields of labor. Payment of the license fee and the issuance of the license by the proper authority, afford some guarantee or evidence of good faith in the conduct of such business.
Nor is the statute discrimmentary in any unlawful sense, by requiring a license for such business when the labor is to be performed out of the State, and not requiring a license when the labor is to be performed within the State. The business which seeks to induce laborers to leave the State and the business which promotes the employment of laborers within the State, are so different in their tendencies for good or evil to general interest, as to justify a different classification and treatment with respect to them. All persons falling within the class named in the statute are in all respects subject *68 to the same requirements without any discrimination whatever.
The clause in the Federal Constitution relating to interstate commerce, art. I., sec. 8, is not violated by the statute in question. "Commerce with foreign nations and among the States, strictly considered, consists in intercourse and traffic, including in these terms navigation and the transportation and transit of persons and property, as well as the purchase, sale and exchange of commodities." Mobile Co.
v. Kimball,
"1. The imposition of a license tax upon emigrant agents by Georgia laws 1898, which leaves laborers free to make their own contracts, and restricts the business of inducing them to enter into labor contracts and to change their location only, by imposing a license tax upon it, is not in violation of the U.S. Con., 14 Amend., or U.S. Con., art. IV., sec. 2, as an abridgement of the privileges and immunities of citizens.
"2. A discrimination against persons engaged in the business of emigrant agents, hiring persons to labor outside the State, by a statute which imposes a license tax upon them, but not upon persons engaged in hiring laborers to work within the State, is not unconstitutional as a denial of the equal protection of the law. *69
"3. A burden on interstate commerce is not imposed by Georgia laws 1898, imposing a license tax on emigrant agents engaged in the business of hiring persons to labor outside the State."
The case of Joseph v. Randolph,
The judgment of the Circuit Court is affirmed.