OPINION
{1} Rоnald Myers (Defendant) was convicted of seven counts of sexual exploitation of children, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-6A-3(D) (2001), for covertly videotaping minor female victims using the bathroom. The Court of Appeals reversed Defendant’s convictions, concluding that the images were neither “lewd” nor “sexually explicit,” and were not manufactured “for the purpose of sexual stimulation” under State v. Rendleman,
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{2} The trial court reasonably could have found the following facts. Sometime between May and September, 2004, Defendant, an employee of the Department of Transportation, set up a hidden video camera in a unisex bathroom adjacent to his office. The camera was concealed beneath a radiator and positioned to capture thе exposed pubic area of individuals before and after they had used the toilet. The video camera was connected to a television and videocassette recorder (TV/VCR), which was hidden behind a bookcase in Defendant’s closet. Upon seeing a female enter the bathroom, Defendant would go to the closet, press record on the TV/ VCR, and videotape the female as she used the toilet. Defendant would stop the videotape after the female had exited the bathroom.
{3} On September 15, 2004, the video camera was discovered and a criminal investigation ensued. The police searched Defendant’s office and discovered the TV/VCR hidden in the closet, a receipt for the video camera, videotapes containing images of the unsuspecting female victims, and commercial pornographic videotapes and magazines. In а subsequent voluntary statement to the police, Defendant admitted that he had videotaped the female victims for the purpose of his own sexual gratification.
{4} The videotapes contained images of five different females using the bathroom on various occasions. Three of the females were adults and two were minors. One of the minors was a sixteen-year-old high school summer intern at the department, while the other was the seventeen year-old daughter of Defendant’s co-worker. After viewing photographic images extracted from the videotapes, and listening to the testimony of the investigating officers, a grand jury indicted Defendant on nine counts of sexual exploitation of children contrary to Section 30-6A-3(D). Counts I, II, III, IV, V, VIII and IX pertained to the sixteen-year-old minor, whereas Counts VI and VII pertained to the seventeen-year-old minor.
{5} Prior to trial, Defendant moved to dismiss the indictment, claiming that the photographs do not depict a “prohibited sexual act” under NMSA 1978, Section 30-6A-2(A) (1984, as amended through 2001). The trial court held a hearing on Defendant’s motion. At the hearing, Defendant argued that dismissal was appropriate because the images do not depict a “lewd and sexually explicit exhibition” as defined by Rendleman,
{6} Defendant filed a motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, a motion to quash the indictment. Defendant claimed in relevant part that
the grand jury aid failed to properly present and create a record of what image in an exhibit was found by the grand jury to be probable cause for the individual counts____ This lack of connecting images with counts ... prevents the defendant from connecting images and dates of incident with particular counts, thus prejudicing the defendant[’s] ability to [defend] each count.
The trial court denied Defendant’s motion, noting that, under Rendleman, Defendant’s remedy “is not a Motion to Dismiss; [it is] a Bill of Particulars asking the State to indicate which exhibits go to which count.”
{7} During Defendant’s bench trial, the parties stipulated that the female victims depicted in the photographic exhibits were minors at the time the images were taken. Following the presentation of the State’s case-in-chief, the trial court directed a verdict in favor of Defendant on Count IX of the indictment, concluding that the evidence was insufficient to establish the identity of the victim because “there is no depiction of a face.” Defendant did not present any evidence in his defense, and both Defendant and the State waived closing arguments. Thereafter, the trial court found Defendant guilty of the remaining charges and rendered judgment accordingly.
{8} The Court of Appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court and set aside Defendant’s convictions. Myers,
{9} To determine whether the images were “lewd” and “sexually explicit” as defined by Section 30-6A-2(A)(5), the Court considered the factors enumerated in United States v. Dost,
(1) the focus is on the genital or pubic area; (2) the setting is sexually suggestive; (3) the child is depicted in an unnatural pose, or in inappropriate attire, considering the child’s age; (4) the child is fully or partially clothed; (5) the depiction suggests sexual coyness or a willingness to engage in sexual activity; and (6) the depiction is designed to elicit a sexual response in the viewer.
Myers,
the photographs are not “lewd” and “sexually explicit” as described in Rendleman. The only Dost factor which the photographs satisfy is the first: the hidden camera was positioned in the restroom to photograph the pubic area of women using the restroom. However, there is nothing inherently sexually suggestive about a unisex restroom at the workplace; the pose and attire of the minors in the photographs is appropriate to their activity, i.e., using the restroom; the minors are partially unclothed; and the photographs do not depict the minors as suggesting coyness or a willingness to engage in sexual activity.
Id. ¶ 17.
{10} The Court further concluded that the photographs were not manufactured “for the purpose of sexual stimulation” as required by Section 3-6A-2(A)(5). Myers,
Rendleman requires that we apply an objective standard, by ignoring the circumstances surrounding the taking of the photographs, and focusing on the photographs themselves. While Defendant admitted he filmed the women using the restroom for his sexual gratification, the circumstances of the photography, and the use of the photographs are considered [o]nly if the photo itself raises a question of illegal purpose (if a jury could find it pornographic)!)] A “reasonable person” (аs opposed to a voyeur) would not conclude, from the overall content of the photographs themselves, that they were intended to elicit a sexual response. They depict minors who are partially unclothed before or after they used the restroom, and nothing more.
Id. Accordingly, the Court reversed the judgment of the district court and set aside Defendant’s convictions. Id. ¶ 21.
{11} In light of its conclusion, the Court did not reach Defendant’s remaining claims that the images were not “obscene” as defined by Section 30-6A-2(E), and that the Sexual Exploitation of Children Act (Act), NMSA 1978, §§ 30-6A-1 to -4 (1984, as amended through 2001), was void for vagueness as applied to Defendant’s conduct. Myers,
{12} We subsequently granted the State’s petition for writ of certiorari, which presented the following questions for our review: (1) “Is the ‘hard-core child pornography’ standard applied in this case either justified or appropriate when considering the elements of sexual exploitation of children?”; (2) “Does the sexual exploitation of children statute require the reviewing court to ignore the context of the material, even when it is undisputed, as in this case, that it was made for a sexual purpose?”; and (3) “Did the Court of Appeals err in determining that the convictions could be reversed for failure [of] the State to prove which photograph related to wihich count of the indictment.” State v. Myers, 2008-NMCERT-4,
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
{13} To the extent that the State’s claim implicates the proрer construction of the Act, our standard of review is de novo. See State v. Smith,
[t]he reviewing court engages in a two-step process: First it reviews the evidence [resolving all conflicts and indulging all permissible inferences] with deference to the findings of the trial court; then it determines whether the evidence, viewed in this manner, could justify a finding by any rational trier of fact that each element of the crime charged has been established beyond a reasonable doubt.
State v. Sanders,
{14} Defendant claims, however, that the trial court improperly denied his pre-trial motion to dismiss and, therefore, the appropriate standard of review is de novo. [AB 5-10] We reject this claim because “when a case proceeds to trial, error resulting from an improperly denied pretrial motion is not reversible for the result becomes merged in the subsequent trial.” Capco Acquisub, Inc. v. Greka Energy Corp.,
III. DISCUSSION
{15} Before addressing the merits of the State’s claims, we review the language, history, and purpose of the Act. Section 30-6A-3(D) provides in relevant part, that “[i]t is unlawful for a person to intentionally manufacture any obscene visual or print medium depicting any prohibited sexual act or simulation of such an act if one or more of the participants in that act is a child under eighteen years of age.” Section 30-6A-2(E) defines the term “obscene” as “any material, when the content if taken as a whole: (1) appeals to a prurient interest in sex, as determined by the average person applying contemporary community standards; (2) portrays a prohibited sexual act in a patently offensive way; and (3) lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.” Section 30-6A-2(A) defines the term “prohibited sexual act” in relevant part as a “lewd and sexually explicit exhibition with a focus on the genitals or pubic area of any person for the purpose of sexual stimulation.”
{16} In Rendleman, the Court of Appeals examined the historical context of the Act, explaining that
New Mexico’s first law prohibiting the visual sexual exploitation of children appeared as a category of child abuse in 1978 and simply banned the “lewd exhibition of the genitals or pubic area.” 1978 N.M. Laws ch. 103, § 1(A)(3)(e). In 1984, two years after Ferber 1 was decided, our legislature made the sexual exploitation of children a separate crime and added the purpose prong, censuring the “lewd exhibition of the genitals or pubic area ... for the purpose of sexual stimulation.” 1984 N.M. Laws ch. 92, §§ 1 and (2)(A)(5) (emphasis added). The definition was further refined in 1993 to read: “lewd and sexually explicit exhibition with a focus on the genitals or pubic area ... for the purpose of sexual stimulation.” 1993 N.M. Laws ch. 116, § 1(A)(5) (emphasis added).
Rendleman,
{17} The purpose of the Act is to protect children from “the harm to the child that flows from trespasses against the child’s dignity when treated as a sexual object.” Rendleman,
Human dignity is offended by the pornographer. American law does not protect all human dignity; legally, an adult can consent to its diminishment. When a child is made the target of the pornographer-photographer, the statute will not suffer the insult to the human spirit, that the child should be treated as a thing.
United States v. Wiegand,
A. Whether the evidence was sufficient to establish that the images depict a “lewd and sexually explicit exhibition with a focus on the genitals” as defined by Section 30-6A-2(E).
{18} The State first claims that the Court of Appeals improperly concluded that the photographic images were neither lewd nor sexually explicit because they do not show “ ‘a visible display or readily discernible depiction of a child engaged in sexually provocative conduct.’” Myers,
{19} A prohibited sexual act is composed of three essential elements: (1) a “lewd and sexually explicit exhibition”; (2) “with a focus on the genitals or pubic area of any person”; (3) “for the purpose of sexual stimulation.” Section 30-6A-2(A)(5). The first essential element requires an exhibition that is both sexually explicit and lewd. In Rendleman, the Court of Appeals adopted the dictionary definition of the term exhibition, defining it as
“showing, evincing, or showing' off.” To “exhibit” is to “show or display ... outwardly especially] by visible signs or actions; ... to have as a readily discernible quality or feature; [or] ... to represent or make clear by a drawing, plan or other visual means.” Webster’s New Int’l Dictionary 796 (3d ed.1986).
Rendleman,
{20} To violate the Act, however, a sexually explicit exhibition must also be lewd. We agree with the Court of Appeals that it is appropriate to look to the Dost factors for guidance in determining whether a sexually explicit exhibition is lewd. See Myers,
1) whether the focal point of the visual depiction is on the child’s genitalia or pubic area;
2) whether the setting of the visual depiction is sexually suggestive, i.e., in a place or pose generally associated with sexual activity;
3) whether the child is depicted in an unnatural pose, or in inappropriate attire, considering the age of the child;
4) whether the child is fully or partially clothed, or nude;
5) whether the visual depiction suggests sexual coyness or a willingness to engage in sexual activity;
6) whether the visual depiction is intended or designed to elicit a sexual response in the viewer.
Dost,
{21} We take this opportunity to clarify the scope of the first and sixth Dost factors in relation to the second and third essential elements of Section 30-6A-2(A)(5), which require the challenged image: (2) to “focus on the genitals or pubic area”; (3) “for the purpose of sexual stimulation.” Both the first Dost factor and the statute concentrate on whether the image focuses on the genital or pubic area of the child and, therefоre, we conclude that they are duplicative of one another. Under both the first Dost factor and the statute, “[f]oeus can be determined by photographic elements, such as design, composition, lighting, positioning, attire, and setting.” Rendleman,
{22} In determining whether the images are lewd, we find the reasoning of People v. Sven,
Essentially, the tape places the viewer in the role of voyeur. There is no narrative or plot. The images are not a scene connected to anything else. In watching the tape, the viewer stands in relation to the victim as would a peeping tom. This point of view is reinforced by the fact that the victim does not react to the camera whatsoever. Whether an image is candid or posed has been deemed relevant in determining whether an image is lewd. Generally, as suggested by thе third [Dost ] factor, certain poses would support a finding that an image is lewd. However, where, as here, the viewer is placed in the point of view of a voyeur, that the images are candid contributes to their lewdness. Because the victim does not react, the image creates a sense of covert observation that would not otherwise exist.
Voyeurism is sexually motivated conduct, and it is recognized as deviant behavior. Thus, by placing the viewer in the role of voyeur, the images become sexualized. Moreover, they are sexualized in a way consistent with deviant behavior.
Id. at 239-40 (footnote and citations omitted).
{23} With these principles in mind, we examine the images at issue in this case to determine whether they are lewd. Each of the photographs depict the female victims unclothed from the waist down, either before or after they had used the toilet. In many of the photographs, the victims’ pubic ham or naked buttocks are plainly visible. Indeed, the victims’ unclothed pubic area appears prominently in the center of the photographs and, consequently, is the focal point of the images. The victims, however, appear to be unaware that they are being photographed as they engage in an intimate bodily function. The images therefore place the viewer in the position of a voyeur. This feeling of voyeurism is enhanced by the quality of the images, which are slightly unfocused and grainy, the perspective of the images, the victims are viewed from the floor adjacent to the toilet, and the shadows that border the images, which lend the sense that the viewer is peering at the female victims through a peep hole on the floor. Because the images had a voyeuristic and deviant quality that rendered them sexual in nature, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient for the trial court reasonably to find that the images were lewd.
{24} The Defendant claims, however, that the images are not lewd because “[t]here is nothing sexually suggestive about a workplace bathroom” and “the pose and attire of the [victims] are appropriate” to their activity. We emphasize that not all of the Dost factors need be present in order for an image to be found lewd under the Act. Nonetheless, we disagree with Defendant’s characterization of the manner in which the Dost factors apply to the unique circumstances of this case. First, although a workplace bathroom is not inherently sexually suggestive, the private nature of the setting, the intimate bodily function in which the victims are engaged, and the voyeuristic quality of the images all combine to transform this otherwise prosaic setting into a fetishistic and sexualized one.
{25} Second, although the victims’ state of undress is appropriate to the activity in which they are engaged, i.e., using the toilet, the viewing and photographing of such excretory activity, without the apparent knowledge or consent of the subject of the photograph, is inappropriate. This is not a scenario in which proud parents have photographed their toddler being potty trained. Rather, these images depict fully developed adolescent girls who appear to have no idea that they are being photographed as they use the toilet. Given that it is undisputed that these images lack any literary, artistic, political, or scientific value, it is unclear what purpose, aside from a sexual one, these images possibly could serve.
{26} The Court of Appeals concluded, however, that the images were not lewd because they were not “ ‘identifiable as hardcore child pornography.’ ” Myers,
B. Whether an objective standard applies to the determination of whether the images were manufactured “for the purpose of sexual stimulation” as defined by Section 30-6A-2(A)(5).
{27} The State next claims that the Court of Appeals improperly concluded that the images were not manufactured “for the purpose of sexual stimulation” as defined by Section 30-6A-2(A)(5). Specifically, the State claims that the Court of Appeals should have considered extrinsic evidence, including Defendant’s admission that he had manufactured the images for the purpose of his own sexual gratification and the circumstanсes under which Defendant videotaped the unsuspecting minor female victims, in determining whether the images had a sexual purpose. We agree.
{28} In Rendleman, the Court of Appeals observed that “[t]he most difficult element [of Section 30-6A-2(A)(5) ] to articulate is the sexual purpose prong.” Rendleman,
Is this a subjective or objective standard, and should we [evaluate] the response of an average viewer or the specific defendant in [the] case? Moreover, is the intent to elicit a sexual response analyzed from the perspective of the photograph’s composition, or from extrinsic evidence (such as where the photograph was obtained, who the photographer was, etc.)?
Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Amir rautt,
{29} The Rendleman Court noted that “[t]he premise behind an objective intent analysis is that child pornography is not created and the Act is not violated simply because a persоn derives sexual enjoyment from otherwise innocent photographs.” Id. ¶ 48. The Court adopted the objective standard, concluding that “it is not a defendant’s private reaction that transforms an innocent photo into a lewd exhibition, but rather the objectively ascertainable effect on the viewer.” Id. Accordingly, “[o]nly if the photo itself raises a question of illegal purpose (if a jury could find it pornographic) should it be submitted to the jury to make a finding on the objective evidence and subjective intent of the photographer.” Id. ¶ 49.
{30} Our review of the Act reveals, however, that innocent photographs are excluded from its purview. As previously explained, Section 30-6A-2(A)(5) requires the challenged image to depict a “lewd and sexually explicit exhibition with a focus on the genitals or pubic area” of a child, and Section 30-6A-2(E) requires the image to be “obscene,” i.e., appeal to а prurient interest in sex as determined by the average person applying contemporary community standards, portray a prohibited sexual act in a patently offensive way, and lack any serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. We cannot conceive of any circumstances in which an obscene image that depicts a lewd and sexually explicit exhibition with a focus on the genitals or pubic area of a child, properly can be characterized as an innocent photograph. Because innocent photographs do not violate the Act, the objective standard is unnecessary to prevent against their incidental criminalization.
{31} Moreover, we conclude that the objective standard is flawed because it improperly views the challenged material from the perspective of an ordinary reasonable pеrson, even though an ordinary reasonable person is “not sexually stimulated by child pornography.” Sven,
[Appellant’s sole contention regarding the nature of the material is that some of the books involved in this prosecution ... do not satisfy the prurient-appeal requirement because they do not appeal to a prurient interest of the ‘average person’ in sex, that ‘instead of stimulating the erotic, they disgust and sicken.’ We reject this argument as being founded on an unrealistic interpretation of the prurient-appeal requirement.
Where the material is designed for and primarily disseminated to a clearly defined deviant sexual group, rather than the public at large, the prurient-appeal requirement of the Roth [v. U.S.,354 U.S. 476 ,77 S.Ct. 1304 ,1 L.Ed.2d 1498 (1957) ] tеst is satisfied if the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest in sex of members of that group.
Id. at 508,
{32} We therefore reject the objective standard and adopt the subjective standard, which examines the criminal defendant’s actual intent in distributing, possessing, or manufacturing the images, as the proper standard by which to assess whether the challenged material fulfills the “for the purpose of sexual stimulation” element of Section 30-6A-2(A)(5). In determining the defendant’s intent, the trier of fact is not limited to the four corners of the photographs but, rather, is permitted to consider extrinsic evidence of the defendant’s intent, such as the circumstances under which the photographs were taken, the location where the photographs were found, and the presence or absence of other pornographic materials. See, e.g., People v. Batchelor,
{33} Applying the subjective standard to the circumstances of the present case, we conclude that the evidence amply supports the trial court’s factual finding that the images were manufactured for the purpose of Defendant’s own sexual stimulation. Aside from the graphic voyeuristic and fetishistic quality of the images themselves, see supra Part III.A, Defendant admitted that he intentionally had set up the hidden video camera and videotaped the unsuspecting female victims for the purpose of his own sexual stimulation. Additionally, the videotapes were found hidden in Defendant’s office among commercial pornographic videotapes and magazines, thus reinforcing their sexual purpose. The Court of Appeals therefore improperly reversed the judgment of the district court and set aside Defendant’s convictions.
C. Whether the evidence was sufficient to establish that the images are “obscene” as defined by Section 30-6A-2(E).
{34} Defendant claims that the judgment of the Court of Appeals may be affirmed on the alternate basis that the images are not obscene as defined by Section 30-6A-2(E). At the outset, we note that Defendant does not claim that the images are protected by the First Amendment of the federal constitution or Article II, Section 17 of the New Mexico Constitution. Additionally, Defendant concedes that the images “lack[] serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value” under Section 30-6A-2(E)(3). Defendant claims only that the images do not violate the Act because they do not “appeal[ ] to a prurient interest in sex, as determined by the average person applying contemporary community standards” and do not “portray[] a prohibited sexual act in a patently offensive way.” Section 30-6A-2(E)(l)-(2). We disagree.
{35} Whether challenged material appeals to a “prurient interest in sex” or is “patently offensive” are essentially factual questions to be “determined by the average person applying contemporary community standards.” Section 30—6A—2(E)(1)—(2); see also Miller,
[T]he primary concern with requiring a jury to apply the standard of ‘the average person, applying contemporary community standards’ is to be certain that, so far as material is not aimed at a deviant group, it will be judged by its impact on an average person, rather than a particularly susceptible or sensitive person-or indeed a totally insensitivе one.
Id. at 33,
{36} Defendant claims that, pursuant to Rendleman, the “New Mexico[ ] constitution requires application of the Fawcett obscenity standard to the Act.” Id. ¶ 58. [AB 30] In Fawcett, the Court of Appeals determined that the “ ‘contemporary community standard’ provided by Miller” was inadequate to protect the free speech rights of New Mexico citizens under Article II, Section 17 of the New Mexico constitution. Fawcett,
{37} Defendant claims thаt, pursuant to Rendleman and Fawcett, the images in the present ease must be found to be intolerable “before they may be deemed as an ‘abuse’ of the right to freely speak, write, and publish sentiments on all subjects.” Id. We need not decide whether Article II, Section 17 of the New Mexico Constitution mandates application of the community intolerance standard because, unlike the defendants in Rendleman and Fawcett, Defendant does not claim a violation of his free speech rights under the New Mexico Constitution. Rather, Defendant claims only that the images are not obscene as that term is defined by the Act. Because the plain language of the Act requires application of the contemporary community standard, rather than the community intolerance standard, we conclude that the contemporary community standard is the appropriate standard by which to dеtermine whether the challenged material is obscene. See Rendleman,
{38} Although the Act expressly incorporates the contemporary community standard delineated in Miller, the United States Supreme Court has held that the “States are entitled to greater leeway in the regulation of pornographic depictions of children,” in relevant part because the States have a compelling interest “in safeguarding the physical and psychological well-being of a minor.” Ferber,
{39} For this reason, although we agree with the Court of Appeals that the challenged material must do more than “ ‘merely depict a naked child’ ” to run afoul of the contemporary community standard, we disagree that it “must be identifiable as hardcore child pornography.” Myers,
{40} Our review of the record reveals that substantial evidence exists to support the trial court’s factual finding that the images in the present case appeal to a prurient interest in sex and portray a prohibited sexual act in a patently offensive way. As explained in parts III.A and B of this Opinion, the images depict a lewd and sexually explicit exhibition with a focus on the unclothed pubic area of the minor female victims for the purpose of Defendant’s own sexual stimulation. Given the graphic, deviant, and fetishistic quality of the images, we conclude that the trial court reasonably could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the images are obscene as defined by Section 30-6A-2(E). See State v. Duran,
D. Whether Defendant’s convictions must be reversed because the indictment fails to specify which images provide the factual basis for each count.
{41} Lastly, the State claims that the Court of Appeals improperly concluded that reversal of Defendant’s convictions was warranted because “[i]t is impossible ... to determine on this record which photographs were relied on to prove each count of the indictment.” Myers,
{42} Rule 5-204(A) NMRA provides in relevant part:
A complaint, indictment or information shall not be deemed invalid, nor shall the trial, judgment or other proceedings thereon be stayed, arrested or in any manner affected, because of any defect, error, omission, imperfection or repugnancy therein which does not prejudice the substantial rights of the defendant upon the merits.
See also Rule 5-204(D) (“No appeal, or motion made after verdict, based on any such defect, error, omission, repugnancy, imperfection, variance or failure to prove surplus-age shall be sustained unless it is affirmatively shown that the defendant was in fact prejudiced in the defendant’s defense on the merits.”). The Committee commentary accompanying the Rule explains that “[t]his rule was designed to make clear that criminal pleadings should not be held invalid for any technical defect, error, or omission.” Rule 5-204 Committee commentary.
{43} The purpose of a criminal information or indictment
is to furnish the accused with such a description of the charge against him as will enable him to make a defense and to make his conviction or acquittal res judicata against a subsequent prosecution for the same offense, and to give the court reasonable information as to the nature and character of the crime charged.
State v. Lott,
{44} We conclude that the State’s Notice of Images provided Defendant with sufficient notice of the images that provided the factual basis for each count of sexual exploitation of children with which he was charged. Because Defendant reasonably could anticipate the evidence to be produced against him, his ability to prepare his defense was not prejudiced. Accordingly, reversal of Defendant’s convictions on this basis is not warranted.
{45} Defendant claims, however, that pursuant to State v. Foster,
[i]f it was the first or second act for which the defendant was tried, then [the victim’s] guardian would not have been competent to testify with reference to it since it was only the third act he witnessed. In addition, evidence of the other acts may have been inadmissible under Rules of Evidencе 404, § 20-4-404, N.M.S.A.1953 (Repl.Vol.4, 1970, Supp.1973), if it was only the third act for which defendant was on trial. Defendant still does not know for which act he was convicted.
Id. at 157-58,
{46} We conclude that Foster is distinguishable from the present case. Unlike the defendant in Foster, Defendant in the present case knew prior to trial what conduct provided the factual basis for each of the counts with which he was charged. Additionally, Defendant fails to specify, and we fail to perceive, how Defendant would have conducted his defense differently if the indictment, rather than the State’s Notice of Images, had detailed this information. Accordingly, Defendant’s reliance on Foster is misplaced.
IV. CONCLUSION
{47} We conclude that substantial evidence exists to support the trial court’s factual findings that the images manufactured by Defendant depicted a “prohibited sexual act” as defined by Section 30-6A-2(A)(5), and are “obscene” as defined by Section 30-6A-2(E). We further cоnclude that Defendant had sufficient notice of the particular images that provided the factual basis for each count of sexual exploitation of children with which he was charged. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand the case to that Court with instruction to consider the parties’ remaining claims, namely, whether the Act is void for vagueness as applied to Defendant’s conduct and whether the trial court properly entered a stay of execution that relieved Defendant of the obligation to register as a sex offender pending the outcome of this appeal.
{48} IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
. See also New York v. Ferber,