State v. MunizState v. Muniz
We grant the Office of the Public Defender, “appearing on behalf of defendant,” leave to appeal from an order of the Law Division disqualifying it as counsel for defendant and directing it to “pool” the case to outside counsel for purposes of representing defendant in this murder prosecution. The trial judge, on the State‘s application, concluded that there was an “appearance of impropriety” by virtue of the fact that the same region of the Public Defender‘s office was representing the murder victim on another matter at the time of his death. At telephonic oral argument on the motion for leave to appeal before us, the prosecutor acknowledged that there is no evidence that the victim‘s death was in any way related to the prosecution of the matter for which the Public Defender had represented the victim or to any other prosecution. Rather, the evidence in the case indicates that defendant and the victim argued over a woman before the victim was killed.
It is, of course, well established that a lawyer generally cannot represent a client if he, or someone else in his office, represents or previously represented a person with an adverse interest,
Nevertheless, there is a distinction between attorneys practicing within the Office of the Public Defender and defense counsel in private practice. See State v. Bell, 90 N.J. 163, 447 A.2d 525 (1982). While speaking in the context of joint representation of multiple defendants in the same prosecution, our Supreme Court has concluded that “the same potential for conflict” did not exist where the attorneys representing co-defendants were associates of the Public Defender‘s office, 90 N.J. at 167, 447 A.2d 525, “and that multiple representation by public defenders does not in itself give rise to a presumption of prejudice.” Ibid. Here, as in Bell, we are not dealing with “the financial benefits to the firm” which flow from private representation of multiple parties, and as the Supreme Court noted, “[p]ublic interest firms have no financial incentive in retaining the cases” which involve representation of more than one interest. Id. at 168, 447 A.2d 525.1 Consequently, “the public does not lose confidence in a rule allowing attorneys in
In Bell, our Supreme Court followed precedent emanating from the State of Illinois requiring “some showing of a conflict of interest before prejudice to the defendant will be found,” in circumstances involving “multiple representation by a public defender‘s office.” Id. at 169, 447 A.2d 525, citing People v. Robinson, 79 Ill.2d 147, 37 Ill.Dec. 267, 402 N.E.2d 157 (1980). See also e.g., In re Advisory Opinion, 77 N.J. 199, 390 A.2d 118 (1978) (although former assistant prosecutor could not for six months handle matter against his former office, his firm could represent criminal defendant, so long as the former prosecutor had no participation or involvement in the matter); see also Ross v. Canino, supra, (firm of former Attorney General could handle matter that arose during his term in public office, provided that he had no personal involvement in case in either office); compare, Review of Opinion 569, supra, (former Deputy Attorney General may not personally for six months handle matter pending before board he represented if matter was pending at the time he represented board). However, while our Supreme Court in Bell adopted no per se rule or presumption of conflict for joint multiple representation by the Public Defender, it noted that “should the circumstances demonstrate a potential conflict of interest and a significant likelihood of prejudice,” appropriate action could be taken based on “the presumption of both an actual conflict of interest and actual prejudice ... without the necessity of proving such prejudice.” 90 N.J. at 171, 447 A.2d 525. See also State v. Canery, 144 N.J. Super. 527, 529-31, 366 A.2d 706 (App.Div. 1976), certif. denied, 74 N.J. 259, 377 A.2d 664 (1977) (no reversal required where same person acted as investigator for two defendants “represented by separate counsel from the Public Defender‘s Office“; no prejudice).
Like our Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Illinois has made clear that where a conflict of interest appears, a criminal defendant generally need not show actual prejudice, and where
In this case, the Assistant Deputy Public Defender who represented the victim in his drug prosecution, which had been disposed of by negotiated plea and was pending sentencing at the time of his death, left the Public Defender‘s office before defendant‘s present counsel was hired; the file in that case was “sealed” by the Public Defender “and placed with a pool attorney” who later examined the file and had no objection to the representation of defendant by the regional Assistant Deputy
Reviewing the record as a whole, we cannot conclude that the Public Defender is precluded from representing defendant who has been represented by that office and wants continued representation from that office. In appropriate circumstances the issue of the defendant‘s desires should be fully developed at a hearing when either the prosecution, defendant or defense attorney raise the question of conflict or appearance of conflict and the trial judge is considering the “competing or differing interests” involved. People v. Free, supra, 97 Ill.Dec. at 402, 492 N.E.2d at 1275. Cf. State v. Bell, supra. Because of the possibility that defendant‘s views, if based on inadequate exploration of relevant factors, could affect the possibility of a later collateral attack on any conviction entered while represented by an Assistant Deputy Public Defender, see e.g. People v. Free; State v. Jennings; State v. Holscher, supra, the trial judge should carefully explain to defendant that the victim‘s file may contain confidential communications which may or may not impact on a defense or other issues in the case. The defendant‘s desires, expressed after he is fully advised, should be considered as part of the totality of the circumstances relating to whether the Public Defender‘s assignment of counsel
The matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.