179 Conn. App. 1

Conn. App. Ct.

2017

STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. ABDUL MUKHTAAR

(AC 40099)

Appellate Court of Connecticut

December 26, 2017

Mullins, Elgo and Beach, Js.

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Syllabus

The defendant, who had been convicted of the crime of murder in connection with a shooting incident when he was twenty years old, appealed to this court from the judgment of the trial court denying his motion to correct an illegal sentence. In his motion, he claimed that his brain had not developed fully at the time of the crime such that he could not comрrehend the gravity of his actions, that his chronological age at the time of the crime was not representative of his mental age, which was not substantially different from that of a juvenile, and that the sentencing judge should have afforded him a competency hearing to determine whether he could stand trial and aid in his own defense. In support of his claim, he sought to have the trial court apply the rationale of Miller v. Alabama (567 U.S. 460) and its progeny, which recognize that courts must consider mitigating evidence of youth and immaturity when sentencing juvenile offenders, including the offender‘s chronological age and its hallmark features as mitigating evidence against a severe sentence such as life imprisonment without parole. The defendant also filed a motion to allow an expert psychologist to testify, which the trial court denied. Held that the defendant could not prevail on his claim that denial of his motion to correct an illegal sentence was improper: because the defendant was twenty years old at the timе of the crime, the trial court was not required under Miller necessarily and expressly to take the defendant‘s mental state into consideration at sentencing, and although he claimed that Miller should be extended to apply to an adult defendant whose mental age, at the time of the crime, was not substantially different from that of a juvenile, our law categorically limits review pursuant to Miller and its progeny to cases in which the defendant was under the age of eighteen at the time of the crime; accordingly, the defendant having failed to set forth a colorable claim for relief, the trial court did not have jurisdiction over his motion to correct an illegal sentence, which should have been dismissed rather than denied, and in light of the court‘s lack of jurisdiction, it did not err in precluding the testimony of the defendant‘s expert.

Argued September 25-officially released December 26, 2017

Procedural History

Information charging the defendant with the crime of murder, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of Fairfield, and tried to the jury before Gormley, J.; verdict and judgment of guilty, from which the defendant appealed to our Supreme Court, which affirmed the judgment; thereafter, the court, Devlin, J., denied the defendant‘s motion to correct an illegal sentence; subsequently, the court, Devlin, J., denied the defendant‘s motion to allow expert testimony, and the defendant appealed to this court. Reversed; judgment directed.

Abdul Mukhtaar, self-represented, the appellant (defendant).

Michele C. Lukban, senior assistant state‘s attorney, ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍with whom, on the brief, were John C. Smriga, state‘s attorney, and Emily Dewey Trudeau, deputy assistant state‘s attorney, for the appellee (state).

Opinion

BEACH, J. The self-represented defendant, Abdul Mukhtaar, appeals from the judgment of the trial court denying his motion to correct an illegal sentence. The defendant claims that the trial court abused its discretion in (1) denying his motion to correct an illegal sentence and (2) denying his motion to allow an expert witness to testify.¹ We disagree.

The following facts and procedural history are relevant to this appeal.² On February 14, 1996, the defendant shot and killed Terri Horeglad, who was a passenger in a car that had stopped at the intersection of Fairfield and Iranistan Avenues in Bridgeport. The defendant was twenty years old at the time. He subsequently was arrested, charged and, following a jury trial, convicted of murder in violation of General Statutes § 53a-54a. On September 19, 1997, the trial court sentenced the defendant to fifty years imprisonment. On October 21, 2015, the defendant filed a motion to correct an illegal sentence. Relying on Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 125 S. Ct. 1183, 161 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2005), Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 176 L. Ed. 2d 825 (2010), and Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S. Ct. 2455, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012), the defendant argued that his brain had not developed fully at the time of the crime such that he could not comprehend the gravity of his actions. The defendant claimed that his sentence had been imposed in an illegal manner because the sentencing judge did not grant him a competency hearing to determine whether he could stand trial and aid in his own defense. Seeking to introduce the testimony of a psychologist relevant to his mental state at the time of the crime, he also filed a motion to allow an expert to testify.

After argument on May 25, 2016, the trial court, Devlin, J., denied the defendant‘s motion to correct an illegal sentence on the basis that Roper, Graham, and Miller apply only to individuals who were under the age of eighteen at the time of the crime. The court then denied as moot the defendant‘s motion to allow the expert to testify. This appeal followed.

On appeal, the defendant claims that the trial court improperly denied his motion to correct an illegal sentence on the ground that Miller and its progeny apply only to the sentencing of juveniles. The defendant does not dispute that, at least literally, the jurisprudence aрplies to juveniles. He claims, however, that the rationale underlying the cases is applicable equally to sentencing of adults whose mentalities at the time of the crime were similar to those of juveniles. He asserts that the trial court misconstrued his argument as relying on the precise holding of Miller when it, in fact, was based on the “brain science” underlying that case. At oral argument before this court, the defendant clarified that he was claiming that his sentence was illegal because he was not afforded a competency hearing. He asserted that he was relying on Miller only to show that he should have been given a competency hearing because his mind had not fully developed at the time of the crime. The state contends that Miller and its progeny do not apply to the defendant because he was older than eighteen at the time of the crime. ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍We agree with the state and note further that the trial court did not misconstrue the defendant‘s argument.³

We begin with the relevant standard of review and legal principles. “We review the [trial] court‘s denial of [a] defendant‘s motion to correct [an illegal] sentence under the abuse of discretion standard of review. . . . In reviewing claims that the trial court abused its discretion, great weight is given to the trial court‘s decision and every reasonable presumption is given in favor of its correctness. . . . We will reverse the trial court‘s ruling only if it could not reasonably conclude as it did.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Logan, 160 Conn. App. 282, 287, 125 A.3d 581 (2015), cert. denied, 321 Conn. 906, 135 A.3d 279 (2016).

”Practice Book § 43-22⁴ sets forth the procedural mechanism for correcting invalid sentences, and its scope is governed by the common law.” State v. Martin M., 143 Conn. App. 140, 144, 70 A.3d 135, cert. denied, 309 Conn. 919, 70 A.3d 41 (2013). “An illegal sentence is essentially one which either exceeds the relevant statutory maximum limits, violates a defendаnt‘s right against double jeopardy, is ambiguous, or is inherently contradictory. . . . Sentences imposed in an illegal manner have been defined as being within the relevant statutory limits but . . . imposed in a way which violates the defendant‘s right . . . to be addressed personally at sentencing and to speak in mitigation of punishment . . . or his right to be sentenced by a judge relying on accurate information or considerations solely in the record, or his right that the government keep its plea agreement promises . . . .” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Starks, 121 Conn. App. 581, 586, 997 A.2d 546 (2010). A claim that a sentence violated the precepts of Miller and its progeny is properly brought by means of a motion to correct pursuant to Practice Book § 43-22. See, e.g., State v. Logan, supra, 160 Conn. App. 287-90.

In State v. Taylor G., 315 Conn. 734, 110 A.3d 338 (2015), our Supreme Court summarized the holdings in Roper, Graham and Miller. “[A]ll three federal cases recognized that, because the eighth amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment is based on the principle that punishment should be graduated and proportioned to the offender and the offense, courts must consider mitigating evidence of youth and immaturity when sentencing juvenile offenders. Thus, applying this principle, the death penalty is a disproportionate sentence fоr juvenile offenders, regardless of the crime; see Roper v. Simmons, supra, 543 U.S. 573-75; life imprisonment without the possibility of parole is a disproportionate sentence for juveniles convicted of a nonhomicide crime; Graham v. Florida, supra, 560 U.S. 74; and mandatory life imprisonment without the possibility of parole is a disproportionate sentence for juveniles convicted of а homicide, although a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole may be deemed appropriate following consideration of the child‘s age-related characteristics and the circumstances of the crime. See Miller v. Alabama, supra, [567 U.S. 479-80] . . . .” (Emphasis in original.) State v. Taylor G., supra, 743-44.

”Miller logically indicates that, if a sentencing scheme permits the imposition of [a life sentence without parole] on a juvenile homicide offender, the trial court must consider the offender‘s chronological age and its hallmark features as mitigating against such a severe sentence.” (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Riley, 315 Conn. 637, 658, 110 A.3d 1205 (2015), cert. denied, U.S. , 136 S. Ct. 1361, 194 L. Ed. 2d 376 (2016). “We use the term juvenile offenders to refer to persons who committed a crime when they were younger than eighteen years of age.” Id., 640 n.1; see also State v. Taylor G., supra, 315 Conn. 741 n.7; State v. Logan, supra, 160 Conn. App. 288 n.11.

In the present cаse, the defendant, then twenty years old, was not a juvenile at the time of the crime. The trial court was therefore not required under Miller necessarily and expressly to take the defendant‘s mental ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍state into consideration at sentencing. See State v. Riley, supra, 315 Conn. 658 (“trial court must consider the offender‘s chronological age and its hallmark features” [emphasis altered; internal quotation marks omitted]). The defendant contends, however, that his chronological age, at the time of the crime, was not representative of his mental age. In his motion to correct, the defendant asserted that Miller should be extended to apply to adult defendants whose mental age, at the time of the crime, was nоt substantially different from that of juveniles.

The United States Supreme Court, however, has expressly restricted Miller to apply only to those chronologically under the age of eighteen. See Miller v. Alabama, supra, 567 U.S. 465 (“[w]e therefore hold that mandatory life without parole for those under the age of [eighteen] at the time of their crimes violates the [e]ighth [a]mendment‘s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishments” [emphasis аdded; internal quotation marks omitted]); see also Id., 489 (“[b]y requiring that all children convicted of homicide receive lifetime incarceration without possibility of parole, regardless of their age and age-related characteristics and the nature of their crimes, the mandatory sentencing schemes before us violate this principle of proрortionality, and so the [e]ighth [a]mendment‘s ban on cruel and unusual punishment” [emphasis added]).

In addition, the “brain science” referenced in Miller, upon which the defendant seeks to rely, also emphasized the differences between juveniles and adults. See Id., 471-72 (“[I]n Graham, we noted that developments in psychology and brain science continue to show fundamental differences between juvenile and adult minds . . . . We reasoned that those findings-of transient rashness, proclivity for risk, and inability to assess consequences-both lessened a child‘s moral culpability and enhanced the prospect that, as the years go by and neurological development occurs, his deficiencies will be reformed.” [Citation omitted; emphasis added; footnotе omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.]).

Our Supreme Court has used the term “juvenile offenders” under Miller to mean those who are under eighteen at the time of the crime. See State v. Taylor G., supra, 315 Conn. 741 n.7; State v. Riley, supra, 315 Conn. 640 n.1. Finally, this court recently held that “[e]xpanding the application of Miller to offenders eighteen years of age or older simply does not comport with existing ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍eighth amendment jurisprudence pertaining to juvenile sentencing.” Haughey v. Commissioner of Correction, 173 Conn. App. 559, 568, 164 A.3d 849, cert. denied, 327 Conn. 906, 170 A.3d 1 (2017).

We emphasize that a Superior Court traditionally loses jurisdiction over a criminal case once the defendant begins serving a sentence; a motion to correct pursuant to Practice Book § 43-22 is an exception. Few categories of claims qualify for consideration under that exception. See, e.g., State v. Casiano, 122 Conn. App. 61, 66-67, 998 A.2d 792, cert. denied, 298 Conn. 931, 5 A.3d 491 (2010). Our courts have determined that sentences of juveniles may qualify, in limited circumstances, if the vicissitudes of youth have not adequately been considered at sentencing. The line, however, has been brightly drawn at eighteen, and we are not free to ignore that bright line. See, e.g., Haughey v. Commissioner of Correction, supra, 173 Conn. App. 568-69.

Our law, then, categorically limits review pursuant to Miller and its progeny to cases in which the defendant was under the age of eighteen at the time of the crime. In State v. Delgado, 323 Conn. 801, 810-811, 151 A.3d 345 (2016), our Supreme Court held that the Superior Court had no jurisdiction to entertain a motion to correct that did not state a colorable claim for relief. The defendant, in this case, did not set forth a colorable claim for relief. Consequently, pursuant to Delgado, the trial court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the defendant‘s motion to correct. Further, because the trial court lacked jurisdiction, it did not err in precluding the testimony of the defendant‘s expert.

The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded with direction to dismiss the defendant‘s motion to correct an illegal sentence.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.

Notes

The defendant also claims thаt the court erred in (3) precluding him from presenting his psychological evaluation report and a study on racial disparity as to sentencing, (4) failing to consider that he was a first-time felon and other mitigating factors, (5) failing to vacate his sentence on the ground that the same judge had presided over his probable cause hearing and his triаl, and (6) failing to afford him his rights under the fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution. Our conclusions with respect to claims one and two are dispositive of claims three and six. Claims four and five are not properly before us because the defendant did not raise them in the trial court. , cert. denied, . Additionally, claim four was previously addressed in a motion to correct an illegal sentence that the defendant filed in 2013. See (2013 WL 5614541). Also, claim five was addressed in the defendant‘s 2008 habeas petition. See .

See generally .

In his motion to correct, the defendant stated that “[b]ased on the retroactivity of everyone challenging their sentence for juvenile justice for competency hearing under Casiano . . . [t]he defendant also requests a competency hearing and a hearing/test to see if at [any time] was the defendant competent enough to stand trial and aid in his defense of this murder charge.” He concluded that motion by stating, “if you have two defendants who are both charged with the same murder and they both shot the victim to death. But one defendant was [eighteen] years old, and the other defendant is [seventeen] years old and both are sentenced to [sixty] years. How can you give one parole and the other no parole, when brain science supports the fact that neither defendant‘s brаin‘s frontal lobe was not fully developed?” At oral argument before this court, however, the defendant claimed that the lack of a competency hearing itself rendered his sentence illegal. There is nothing in the record to suggest that the defendant appeared less than competent at sentencing such that the sentencing judgе should have held a competency hearing. As did the trial court, however, we understand the defendant to claim that a competency hearing would have revealed that he qualifies for the sentencing mandates of . Put another way, we view the defendant‘s somewhat elusive claim to be that his claim of immaturity at the time of the crime ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍makes him eligible to file a motion to correct and a competency hearing would have provided evidence of such immaturity.

Practice Book § 43-22 provides: “The judicial authority may at any time correct an illegal sentence or other illegal disposition, or it may correct a sentence imposed in an illegal manner or any other disposition made in an illegal manner.”

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