The defendant, Saad Moussa, appeals his convictions, and sentences, on three counts of stalking, see RSA 633:3-a (Supp. 2004) (amended 2005, 2006), entered following a jury trial in Superior Court (McHugh, J.). We affirm.
I. Background
The jury could have found, or the record supports, the following facts. In 2005, the Rockingham County grand jury returned three indictments against the defendant, each alleging a separate incident of stalking the victim, to whom he had been married for approximately eleven years. According to the victim’s testimony, they were divorced at the time of trial. Each charged incident involved the defendant allegedly sending a letter to the victim “after having been served with or otherwise provided notice of a protective order issued by the Salem Family Court on 12/10/04, that prohibited him from having contact with [her].”
On the morning of trial, the defendant’s appointed lawyer, Neil Reardon, informed the court that he “had spoken with [the defendant] earlier and [the defendant] asked [him] not to represent him,” and that the defendant had “also sent [him] correspondence to that effect.” After hearing from the defendant, the court stated: ‘Well, here’s where we are. I mean, if you don’t want him to represent you, I’m not going to force it on you, but I’m not going to continue the case either, you’re going to represent yourself. If you want to do that, you can.” The defendant confirmed that his “final decision” was that he
At trial, the victim testified that each of the letters was written in Arabic in the defendant’s handwriting. Nevertheless, each letter purported to be from someone other than the defendant — specifically, in the words of the first letter, “a benefactor and a family Mend.” The first and second letters were purportedly sent by Carlos Santana, with return addresses of New York City and the Bronx, respectively. The third had no return address but was postmarked from Manchester, New Hampshire. The State produced evidence that the defendant’s fingerprints were found on each letter. The victim also testified that some of the letters repeated threats the defendant had made to her in the past: “Exactly — same words in them.”
The third letter mentioned “a Lebanese who was in prison with [the defendant] and he got out from jail.” The letter further stated, “As far as I know, that guy seeking trouble.” Salem Police Sergeant Eric Lamb testified that he investigated that claim and discovered that an individual named Oner Nusret had been incarcerated with the defendant and had been released. The victim testified that she did not know anyone by that name.
On cross-examining the victim, the defendant inquired how he could have sent a letter to her if he was in custody at the time. He asked, “Does she have a stamp from the jail or not?” The State addressed this issue in its closing argument:
[The defendant] says to you, I couldn’t possibly have sent these [letters]. He told you he was incarcerated at the time and they don’t come from the jail. Folks, no one is saying he put these in the mailbox himself. You’re not required to find that he did. It’s not something that has to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
... Nothing is going to prevent him from putting this letter in another envelope, sending it to a Mend who can drop it in the mail because he knows these letters can’t come from him.
The defendant was convicted of all three counts and sentenced on each to three and a half to seven years in state prison, to run consecutively and to run consecutively to the defendant’s previously-imposed sentences. He now appeals his convictions and sentences.
The defendant argues that the trial court erred in: (1) requiring him to choose between self-representation and representation by a lawyer he wanted to dismiss; (2) making certain evidentiary rulings; (3) denying his request for counsel at sentencing; and (4) imposing felony sentences. We address each argument in turn.
II. Analysis
A. Representation Choice
The defendant first contends that because “[t]he right to counsel encompasses the right to the effective assistance of counsel,” the trial court could not put him “to the choice between representation at trial by a lawyer who has deficiently prepared for trial, and self-representation.” While the defendant’s claim implicates his constitutional right to counsel, he has not cited a specific provision of the State Constitution on this issue either below or on
“It is well-established that it is within the [trial] court’s discretion to force a defendant to choose between proceeding to trial "with an unwanted attorney and representing [him]self.” United States v. Woodard,
The right of an accused to counsel of his choice ... is not absolute____Thus, a trial court has discretion to limit the exercise of the right, and, in doing so, should balance the defendant’s interest in retaining counsel of his choice against the public’s interest in the prompt, fair and ethical administration of justice.
United States v. Richardson,
The defendant did not request substitute counsel, but instead sought a continuance to prepare to proceed pro se. Nevertheless, the issue is analogous to a request for substitute counsel because the crux of both claims is the unconstitutionality of a forced choice between self-representation and ineffective assistance of counsel. Cf. Woodard,
When a defendant voices objections to counsel, the trial court should inquire into the reasons for the dissatisfaction. In evaluating whether a [trial] court’s denial of [a] motion for substitution of counsel constituted an [unsustainable exercise] of discretion, we consider the following factors: the timeliness of the motion, the adequacy of the court’s inquiry into the defendant’s complaint, and whether the conflict between the defendant and his counsel was so great that it resulted in a total lack of communication preventing an adequate defense.
Id. at 107 (quotations and citation omitted).
With regard to the first factor, the State argues that the defendant “waited until the day of trial to tell the court he was dissatisfied -with” Reardon. The defendant counters that he expressed concerns about Reardon’s representation as early as January 5, 2009, two months before the start of trial on March 16, 2009. The record of the pretrial conference on January 5 indicates that the defendant had concerns about discovery and the infrequency of communication between Reardon and himself. He did not attempt to dismiss Reardon at that time, however, and the court addressed his concerns about discovery by continuing trial for two months and securing Reardon’s agreement that if, after having reviewed the letters at issue, “there’s something in those letters that ma[de] [him] think that it’s in [the defendant’s] best interest to contact witnesses and have them potentially testify, . . . [he] would do that.”
The defendant’s first attempt to dismiss Reardon appears to have been in a letter to him dated February 21, 2009, claiming that although he had represented the defendant for nearly two months and had almost one month to conduct discovery, he did nothing. The defendant stated, “you didn’t do anything or you file any motion in my behalf in this case, and NO visit from you.” The letter, which was sent to the trial court, concluded, “I believe the communication between us has broken
The defendant asserts that the foregoing facts belie the inference urged by the State that he waited until the commencement of trial to complain about Reardon “in order to disrupt the proceedings.” Regardless of the defendant’s motivation, however, the remedy he sought would have “necessitate^] a last-minute continuance,” and we therefore “accord extraordinary deference to the [trial] court’s decision” on the matter. Id. (quotation omitted).
The second factor assesses “the adequacy of the court’s inquiry into the defendant’s complaint.” Id. (quotation omitted). Here, the court allowed the defendant to explain his dissatisfaction with Reardon. The defendant stated that communications with Reardon had “broken down” and that Reardon had failed to conduct a proper investigation. The defendant explained that he had provided Reardon with a list of witnesses he wanted to subpoena, but Reardon had declined to subpoena nearly all of them. The defendant maintained that his witnesses could have sent the letters to his wife. He also' stated that he wanted to call a witness from the jail where he was incarcerated to testify that all mail sent from there was stamped. The lack of such a stamp on the letters to his wife, he contended, would prove that those letters were not sent from the prison, and thus, inferentially, could not have been sent by him. He stated that his wife had access to his office, seeming to suggest that she could have obtained paper with his fingerprints on it. In addition, he wanted to identify any other fingerprints on the letters, as they could have been from “the person who sent that letter to [his] wife.”
The court then sought input from Reardon, who stated that the defendant wanted him to perform an investigation that he thought was unnecessary: “[TJhere’s relevant evidence in this case as to whether or not [the defendant] wrote these letters and his fingerprints are on the letters and other fingerprints could be or could not be, but that’s subject for cross-examination.” He further explained:
[H]e wants me to pursue frivolous avenues that don’t go anywhere and I’ve tried to explain that to him and I don’t want to do nonsensical things in front of a jury because ... it will only hurt his case. And I’m trying to help this man if he’d only listen to me. But he wants me to pursue evidence and witnesses that aren’t relevant, Judge.
I mean, I went through his witness list with him and there were a couple of witnesses that I think are relevant until I inquired of one and he definitely indicated that he didn’t have any relevant information.
We conclude that the court conducted an adequate inquiry.
The final factor considers “whether the conflict between the defendant and his counsel was so great that it resulted in a total lack of communication preventing an adequate defense.” Id. (quotation omitted). In other words, the reviewing court must determine whether there was good cause for substitution of counsel. United States v. Allen,
“An attorney is not obligated to pursue weak options when it appears, in light of informed professional judgment, that a defense is implausible or insubstantial.” Woodard,
[Strategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable; and strategic choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation. In other words counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary. In any ineffectiveness case, a particular decision not to investigate must be directly assessed for reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying a heavy measure of deference to counsel’s judgments.
Strickland, v. Washington,
The defendant argues that Reardon’s assertion that he could make the point about the lack of a prison stamp on cross-examination, and the trial court’s finding on that issue, “demonstrated a failure to understand the nature and significance of the evidence.” He contends that “[a]t the March 16, hearing, [he] proffered that jail policies would have prevented him from enclosing the ... letters and envelopes in mail sent from the jail even to a third person, without the letters and envelopes bearing a jail stamp.”
We note that it is not clear that the defendant’s proffer related to the internal contents of an envelope mailed from the prison. The defendant told the trial court that he had twice spoken with a prison official, whom he identified as “Captain Church” or “Lieutenant Captain Church,” who had “said no mail sent from the prison, okay, from the — from the jail without stamp.... I need letter sent[] out from the prison should be stamped. As the result of what I see in the copy, there’s no stamp present and that letter is not sent in the prison.” He stated that even if the envelope was his, “you need that envelope sent from the prison and should be stamped.”
Even assuming, however, that the defendant did make such a proffer, we find no error. The State notes that Reardon did not say that he failed to investigate the jail’s mail policy, but rather that he planned to cross-examine the State’s witnesses on that issue. It then argues:
Reardon’s remarks strongly suggest that he had made such an inquiry, and had discovered that, in fact, the jail would only have stamped the outer envelope, thus making it possible for the State’s theory to be valid. It is entirely understandable that Reardon did not make his comments more explicit, since this would have made the State’s job easier. His comment that he was “reserving those issues for cross-examination,” implied that he was planning to exploit the State’s failure to call a jail witness who could confirm this policy. It seems more than a possibility that the trial court in this case understood Reardon’s remarks in this light, and therefore urged the defendant for a second time to retain Reardon as his counsel.
(Citations omitted.)
We, of course, have no way of knowing whether the State’s supposition is true.
B. Evidentiary Rulings
The defendant next argues that certain evidentiary rulings by the trial court constituted plain error.
The plain error rule allows us to exercise our discretion to correct errors not raised before the trial court. For us to find plain error: (1) there must be error; (2) the error must be plain; and (3) the error must affect substantial rights. Generally, to satisfy the burden of demonstrating that an error affected substantial rights, the defendant must demonstrate that the error was prejudicial, i.e., that it affected the outcome of the proceeding. If all three of these conditions are met, we may then exercise our discretion to correct a forfeited error only if the error meets a fourth criterion: the error must seriously affect the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings. This rule is used sparingly, however, and is limited to those circumstances in which a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.
State v. Euliano,
1. Hearsay
The defendant asserts that the court erroneously admitted hearsay in the form of statements by Sergeant Lamb that: (1) the victim told him she recognized the defendant’s handwriting on the letters; (2) prison officials confirmed the release of a Lebanese man named Nusret; (3) Nusret told him that he knew the defendant from time they spent in jail together; and (4) the victim told him she did not know Nusret.
The State argues that Sergeant Lamb’s testimony that the victim told him she did not know Nusret is merely duplicative of her own testimony to that effect. The same is true of Sergeant Lamb’s testimony about her recognition of the defendant’s handwriting.
An allegedly wrongful admission of hearsay testimony does not constitute plain error if such testimony is merely cumulative to other evidence properly admitted. A defendant is not prejudiced by hearsay testimony that is merely cumulative of evidence already before the trial court, especially if that evidence was presented by another witness who was subject to cross-examination.
State v. Garth,
The State argues that the other challenged “testimony about Nusret, which was minor circumstantial evidence tending to show that the defendant wrote the letters, was inconsequential.” We agree.
2. Fingerprint Evidence
The defendant next challenges the fingerprint evidence on the ground that the State failed to establish a foundation for the fingerprint cards allegedly bearing known prints of the defendant. At trial, Sergeant Lamb was asked to explain how the “procedure work[s]” for having “something transferred to the lab for fingerprinting.” After describing the general procedure, he stated that in this case, he completed an evidence examination request form in which he “asked for comparison prints to a known suspect, [the defendant].”
The State’s fingerprint examination expert testified that she performed a fingerprint analysis on each of the three letters. She was asked if she had “a sample of the defendant’s fingerprints in this case to compare the [latent fingerprints on the letters] to,” and she replied, “Yes. I had a known recording of them.” Specifically, she testified that she had two cards. The first bore the defendant’s name and an address of “8 Lawrence Road, Salem, New Hampshire.” The second bore an address of “Route 28, Manor Motel, Room 226.” She confirmed that the prints on both cards were of the same person. The jury heard the victim testify that she lived at 8 Lawrence Road, Salem, New Hampshire.
The defendant notes that the State failed to introduce testimony from the person who took the prints purporting to be his on the cards and “introduced nothing about a system of collecting and maintaining fingerprint records.” He argues:
Insofar as the card was prepared out-of-court, the link asserted on the card between [himself] and the fingerprint amounted to hearsay. In order to justify the admission of that out-of-court statement, the State had to introduce a foundation sufficient to bring the hearsay within some exception.
(Citation omitted.) Noting that a foundation.for fingerprint cards is often laid using the business records exception, see State v. Howe,
These cases, as well as Howe, are inapposite, however, because the State never sought to introduce the fingerprint cards purporting to bear the defendant’s fingerprints. The defendant’s challenge, then, is not to the admissibility of the cards themselves, but to the admission of the fingerprint expert’s testimony. Thus, he argues: “In the absence of a foundation adequate to link the known fingerprint on the cards to [him], the experts’ testimony purporting to identify [him] as the source of the latent
A more analogous case, then, is the Georgia Supreme Court’s decision in Roebuck v. State,
Appellant contends that the print card is hearsay, because it was never formally tendered and admitted as a business record. However, the testimony of the expert is what connects Appellant to the crime, and admissibility of that inculpatory testimony does not depend upon the admission of the print used by the witness to compare with the one taken at the murder scene. Even if the failure to proffer the print card as a business record renders it hearsay, the rule in this state is that an expert may base his opinion on hearsay. The presence of hearsay does not mandate the exclusion of the testimony; rather, the weight given the testimony is a question for the jury.
Roebuck,
In this particular case, Technician Parson compared latent fingerprints taken from the scene of the burglary at Ms. Francis’ home with a “ten print card” on file with the Philadelphia Police Department, and determined that the fingerprints taken from Ms. Francis’ home belonged to Appellant. The only issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion in permitting Technician Parson to testify to an alleged hearsay statement — ie. that Appellant’s name and fingerprints were on the ten print card. We find that because Technician Parson was an expert and relied upon the hearsay statement to form his opinion, he was properly permitted to testify to the hearsay statement under [Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence] 703 and 705.
In re D.Y.,
We need not go as far as Roebuck and In re D.Y, however. Because our review on this issue is for plain error, it is not necessary for us to determine whether there was actual error where the defendant has not met any of the remaining prongs of the plain error analysis. First, even assuming, without deciding, that it was error to admit the fingerprint examination expert’s testimony without a more thorough foundation, the error is not plain. “For the purposes of the plain error rule, an error is plain if it was or should have been obvious in the sense that the governing law was clearly settled to the contrary.” State v. Ortiz,
Moreover, the defendant has not demonstrated either that the error affected substantial rights, “i.e., that it affected the outcome of the proceeding,” or “seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Euliano,
We emphasize that “[a] timely objection in the trial court as to the foundation of technical evidence is necessary to give the State the opportunity to correct any deficiency in the proof.” People v. Sparks,
C. Comments on Evidence
The defendant next argues that the trial court committed plain error in commenting on the evidence. Specifically, he argues that in the presence of the jury, “the court described [the victim] as having testified that [the defendant] physically abused her during their marriage,” and, in doing so, “endorsed the most incriminating and damaging interpretation of [her] ambiguous testimony on that point.”
At trial, the defendant cross-examined the victim about her fear of him, asking, ‘What I did to you in my life?” and, specifically, “Did I push you? Did I punch you? Did I threaten you?” The State objected and the victim did not respond. After a break in the proceedings, the victim testified that the defendant was “intimidating”
During redirect, the State asked:
Q. Now the defendant asked you if he ever hurt you, threatened you, things of that nature. Did the defendant ever hurt you?
A. He used to — he was violent in a way — he did not consider himself violent.
Q: Now you said that he was violent. What would he do?
THE COURT: Well, let me stop. Let me just remind the State too that we’re trying here, the three letters and whether or not there’s a basis for her feeling threatened. Her testimony is, as yet unchanged, that she had a good faith basis for feeling threatened.
[THE STATE]: I understand that but just for the record, Judge, he opened the door when he asked her if he was violent towards her, pushed her, hit her, anything of that nature which is
THE COURT: And her answer to the general question is yes. I don’t think we need to know the details.
The defendant asserts that in her cross-examination testimony, the victim “unequivocally alleged verbal threats, but... did not clearly allege physical violence,” and that her testimony, therefore, “reflects at least some ambiguity as to the issue of physical abuse.” He then argues that the court erroneously “endorsed the most incriminating interpretation of [the victim’s] testimony” by “saying that... [she] did allege physical violence.” We disagree.
“[A] trial judge is not prohibited from summarizing the evidence, so long as he does not manifest bias in the presentation of evidence.” Euliano,
D. Sentencing
Having rejected the defendant’s first two claims of error, we affirm his conviction. We now turn to the defendant’s challenges to his sentence.
1. Request for Counsel
The defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his request for counsel at sentencing. In a motion dated May 12, 2009, the defendant alleged that he “had filed and sen[t] a Financial Affidavit for appoint[ment] of counsel to represent^ [him] at the sentence hearing” and asked the court to “[a]ppoint[] counself] to represento [him] in this matter.” The State objected at the sentencing hearing on May 27, arguing that the defendant had
Joe Malfitani, who’s one of the top five criminal lawyers in this state and has been for many years, has represented him. Neil Reardon has also been a 25-year lawyer, dealing exclusively in criminal matters, has represented him. And in both of those instances, he was unable to communicate and work with those lawyers. It would be highly unlikely that any other lawyer that I might appoint for him would have any more success tha[n] those seasoned criminal lawyers have had in the past, and that’s why I’m not appointing a lawyer for him with respect to the issue of sentencing.
In a written order issued following the sentencing hearing, the court named six “experienced criminal lawyers” who had represented the defendant since the indictments were handed down, and added, “Again, it is worth repeating that the fact that the defendant did not have counsel was due exclusively to his inability to work with a series of lawyers appointed for him in the past.”
On appeal, the defendant challenges the denial of appointed counsel at sentencing under the State and Federal Constitutions. Because “the defendant failed to raise a state constitutional claim in the trial court,” however, “we ... confine our constitutional analysis to the requirements of the Federal Constitution.” Euliano,
Though the right to counsel was originally a trial right, the Supreme Court has extended the right to various “critical” stages of the prosecution and has held that sentencing is one such “critical” stage. Thus, whenever a defendant is denied counsel dining sentencing, the Supreme Court has uniformly found constitutional error without any showing of prejudice.
Robinson v. Ignacio,
[A] defendant who has waived his right to counsel may nonetheless re-assert that right for the purposes of a sentencing proceeding and cannot be denied on the grounds that the defendant has previously waived that right. Instead, the trial court must have a sufficient reason if that request is to be denied.
Id. at 1059.
The reason given here was the defendant’s inability to work with his attorneys in the past. Other courts have upheld that reason as sufficient to justify denial of counsel at sentencing. For instance, the court in Irorere found no error where the trial “court found that the defendant, through his own conduct, had already frustrated four attempts by the district court to provide [him] with representation and had thereby waived his right to counsel.” Irorere,
Defendant was not unconstitutionally deprived of his right to counsel at sentencing . . . [where] Defendant’s conductforced several successively appointed trial attorneys to request withdrawal from representation, and the court eventually held that Defendant had implicitly waived his right to counsel. . . . Defendant was not entitled to the appointment of yet another attorney to represent him at sentencing, having already waived that right through his conduct....
Sutcliffe,
We find these cases persuasive. Although the mere fact of a prior waiver of counsel does not justify a denial of counsel at sentencing, the lesson of Irorere and Sutcliffe is that the trial court may look to the circumstances surrounding that waiver in determining whether the defendant has also effectively waived his right to counsel at sentencing. ‘Whether the defendant has waived his right to counsel is a practical determination that depends on the particular facts and circumstances of each case, including the conduct of the accused.” Irorere,
2. Felony Sentences
Finally, the defendant argues that the trial court erred by imposing felony sentences. He contends that because RSA 633:3-a, VI “authorizes only misdemeanor sentences under the circumstances here, the court committed plain error in imposing felony sentences.”
RSA 633:3-a, VI (1996), the stalking statute, provides:
(a) Any person convicted of a violation of this section and who has one or more prior stalking convictions in this state or another state when the second or subsequent offense occurs within 7 years following the date of the first or prior offense shall be guilty of a class B felony.
(b) In all other cases, any person who is convicted of a violation of this section shall be guilty of a class A misdemeanor.
(Emphasis added.) The defendant points out that his prior conviction in 2004 was for violating a protective order, and not stalking.
The defendant’s indictments, however, also reference RSA 173-B:9, IV (c), dealing with violations of domestic violence protective orders, and the State contends that his felony sentences are authorized by that statute. RSA 173-B:9, IV provides in relevant part:
Any person convicted under RSA 173-B:9, III, or who has been convicted in another jurisdiction of violating a protective order enforceable under the laws of this state, who, within 6 years of such conviction or the completion of the sentence imposed for such conviction, whichever is later, subsequently commits and is convicted of one or more offenses involving abuse may be charged with an enhanced penalty for each subsequent offense as follows:
(c) If the subsequent offense would otherwise constitute a class A misdemeanor, it may be charged as a class B felony ....
RSA 173-B:9, IV (2002) (emphasis added). “Abuse” is defined to include “[interference with freedom as defined in RSA 633:1 through RSA 633:3-a.” RSA 173-B:1, 1(d) (2002) (amended 2010). Thus, the crime of stalking, as defined in RSA 633:3-a, constitutes abuse for purposes of RSA 173-B:9, IV.
The parties appear to agree that RSA 173-B:9, IV and RSA 633:3-a, VI, as applied to this case, ostensibly conflict, with RSA 173-B:9, IV authorizing felony sentencing and RSA 633:3-a, VI prohibiting it. The issue before us, then, is one of statutory construction.
In matters of statutory interpretation, we are the final arbiter of legislative intent as expressed in the words of the statute considered as a whole. We first examine the language of the statute and ascribe the plain and ordinary meanings to the words used. Furthermore, we interpret statutes in the context of the overall statutory scheme and not in isolation. Our goal is to apply statutes in light of the legislature’s intent in enacting them and in light of the policy sought to be advanced by the entire statutory scheme.
State v. Kidder,
The defendant urges another rule of statutory construction: ‘When interpreting two statutes which deal with a similar subject matter, we construe them so that they do not contradict each other, and so that they will lead to reasonable results and effectuate the legislative purpose of the statute.” Sanborn Regional Sch. Dist. v. Budget Comm. of the Sanborn Regional Sch. Dist.,
We cannot subscribe to the defendant’s strained interpretation of these statutes. As the State notes, to do so would require us to read an exception into RSA 173-B:9, IV(c), so that it would apply to subsequent offenses “except for offenses under RSA 633:3-a.” (Quotation omitted.) We do not, however, “pick and choose those portions of the language we find controlling and subvert those we do not,” and “[w]e will neither consider what the legislature might have said nor add words that it did not see fit to include.” Id.
We instead find the following rule instructive:
It is a well-recognized rule of statutory construction that where one statute deals with a subject in general terms, and another deals with a part of the same subject in a more detailed way, the latter will be regarded as an exceptionto the general enactment where the two conflict.
Appeal of Johnson,
We conclude that RSA 173-B:9, IV applies in this case. We point out that we need not find an implied repeal of RSA 633:3-a, VI to reach that conclusion. See Board of Selectmen v. Planning Bd,
Affirmed.