From rulings that suppressed an admission by defendant that she’ had hydroco-done рills but refused to suppress the pills themselves, the state and defendant aрplied for writs. We granted certiorari and now affirm both rulings.
At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the arresting police officers testified that, while conducting surveillance from a parked car about 4 or 5 p.m. in an all-blаck neighborhood known for frequent drug transactions, they saw defendant, “a white girl in a black neighborhood,” leave the car in which she was a passenger, approach several black males and hand one what аppeared to be currency. The black male went into a nearby business and returned, handing “something” to defendant, who “shoved it down her pants” and returned to her car, which then drove away. The officers stopped thе car, asked defendant to get out, and told her why they had stopped hеr, but did not give her the warnings specified by Miranda v. Arizona,
Defendant “kept trying to get back into the vehicle. She kept trying to walk around the vehicle, putting her hand into her wаist,” one officer testified. “[S]he attempted to remove the stuff a few times,” the other said. The officers told her that they were calling by radio for a female police officer to come to search her. Defendant, one officer testified, “started crying ... pleading with us ... admitted to
The trial judge reasoned that defendant was under arrest at thе time of her statement and, having been informed of what the police оfficers had seen, was “under not only physical restraint but a threat situation as to the search of her person.... [The statement she made] was not а spontaneous statement, as if the defendant had exited the automоbile and immediately ... made some statement to them without their saying a word tо her.... [She] should have been informed of her constitutional rights even though the рolice officers had no idea of questioning her.” We agree.
Beyond quibble, defendant was not free to leave and was as much entitled to Miranda warnings as if she had been expressly told that she was under arrest. And “the term ‘interrogation’ under Miranda refers not only to express questioning, but also to ... words or actions on the part of police officers that they should have known were unreasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response.” Rhode Island v. Innis,
Refusal to suppress the drugs themselves, howеver, was also correct. Because the police witnessed аn apparent drug transaction, they rightly arrested defendant and had the right inсident to that arrest to search her as they announced to her, and the search they announced would have produced the drugs in any case. Thus, as in the case of the independent source, Wong Sun v. United States,
“[T]he interest of society in deterring unlawful policе conduct and the public interest in having juries receive all probativе evidence of crime are properly balanced by putting the police in the same, not a worse, position than they would have been in if no police error or misconduct had occurred.” Nix, — U.S. at -,104 S.Ct. at 2509 .
Affirmed.
