22 Conn. App. 567 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1990
The defendant appeals from her conspiracy conviction challenging the denial of her motion for judgment of acquittal and the denial of her motion to correct sentence. She was charged by means of a substitute information, in three counts, with the following offenses: (1) possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell or dispense by a person who is not drug-dependent, in violation of General Statutes § 21a-278 (b);
The jury could have reasonably found the following facts, among others. The state’s attorney’s office and the Stratford police department established a surveillance at the Howard Johnson’s Motor Lodge in Stratford, on the basis of information received through a wiretap. At approximately 8 p.m. on July 24, 1987, a white vehicle containing four occupants entered the parking lot. Two females, the defendant and her daughter, exited the vehicle and were arrested. The daughter was carrying a satchel on her shoulder that contained approximately $900,000 worth of cocaine. The defendant had $31,480 in her purse.
I
The defendant claims that the trial court failed to instruct the jury on the elements of the offense alleged in the third count. At trial, she objected to the court’s charge on the third count, stating that although the court had instructed on the elements of conspiracy, the court did not elaborate upon the elements of the substantive offense alleged in that count, viz., a violation of General Statutes § 21a-277 (a).
We review claims regarding the court’s charge to the jury according to certain well established principles. Jury instructions must be read as a whole. State v. Rouleau, 204 Conn. 240, 252, 528 A.2d 343 (1987). We review “ ‘the substance of the charge rather than the form of what was said . . . .’ ” State v. Silano, 204
The record reveals that although the court gave detailed instructions on the elements of conspiracy and on the elements of the violations of § 21a-278 (b) alleged in the first two counts, it did not instruct the jury on the elements of a violation of General Statutes § 21a-277 (a). In its instruction on the third count, however, the court stated that the underlying crime, which was the object of the conspiracy alleged in the third count, was “the possession and distribution of cocaine.”
Section 21a-278 (b) and 21a-277 (a) both proscribe the activities of possessing or transporting narcotics with intent to sell. The only significant difference between the two statutes, for purposes of this case, is that “unlike § 21a-278 (b), drug dependency is neither an exemption nor an element of § 21a-277 (a).” State v. Luca, 19 Conn. App. 668, 673, 563 A.2d 752 (1989).
The court’s instructions could have misled the jury to believe that it could not convict her of the charge alleged in the third count unless it found beyond a reasonable doubt that she was not drug-dependent. If the jury was confused in this manner, that confusion could have only benefitted the defendant by making her conviction on the third count less likely. We conclude that although the court’s instruction possibly misled the jury, the inaccuracy in the instruction had no effect on the ultimate verdict of guilty.
II
Two of the defendant’s claims will be considered together because they are closely related. First, the defendant claims that the third count of the substitute information failed to apprise her adequately of the nature and cause of the accusations against her.
The defendant claims that Practice Book §§ 831 and 832 are unconstitutional in that they place the burden of requesting a more definite statement of the charges
The relevant portion of art. I, § 8, of the Connecticut constitution of 1965 and of that section as amended in 1982; Conn. Const., amend XVII; is identical to language in the sixth amendment to the United States constitution.
The defendant argues that even under State v. Davis, supra, the third count of the substitute information is defective in that it failed to cite a subsection of General Statutes § 21a-277. She contends that because the subsections of § 21a-277 proscribe different acts and carry different maximum penalties, she had a right to be charged under a particular subsection. She fails to, show, however, that her ability to prepare a defense was in any way prejudiced by the fact that she was not charged under a subsection. The defendant must show prejudice. See State v. Stepney, 191 Conn. 233, 241, 464 A.2d 758 (1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1084, 104 S. Ct. 1455, 79 L. Ed. 2d 772 (1984).
Because the defendant and her daughter were arrested with approximately $900,000 of cocaine in their possession, the defendant could not be prosecuted under any subsection other than § 21a-277 (a). Subsection (a) applies to narcotics and hallucinogenic substances other than marihuana. Subsection (b) is expressly made inapplicable to narcotics such as cocaine. Subsection (c) applies to the possession of drug
Another claim of the defendant, closely related to the one just decided, is that, by failing to cite a subsection of General Statutes § 21a-277, the state, in effect, charged her under subsections (a), (b) and (c) in the disjunctive. In State v. Cofone, 164 Conn. 162, 167, 319 A.2d 381 (1972), our Supreme Court stated “The language of an indictment serves two primary purposes: it informs the accused of the nature of the crime charged and it acts as a bar to future criminal proceedings on the same cause. These functions dictate the retention of some limitations. Disjunctive charges, for example, are disfavored because they fail to apprise an accused of an exact crime; he, therefore, may not be able to prepare an adequate defense.” See also State v. Eason, 192 Conn. 37, 40, 470 A.2d 688 (1984).
The state’s decision to charge the defendant with conspiring to violate § 21a-277, rather than subsection 21a-277 (a), did not render the defendant vulnerable to prosecution under subsections (b) or (c). She and her daughter were not found in possession of a nonnarcotic controlled substance (subsection [b]) or drug paraphernalia in a drug factory situation (subsection [c]). The state’s citation to § 21a-277 would have apprised a reasonable person, exercising common sense, that she was being charged in the third count with conspiracy to sell or dispense cocaine. Again, there is no possibility that the citation to § 21a-277 failed to apprise the accused of the exact crime, or impaired her ability to prepare a defense. See State v. Cofone, supra.
The third claim of the defendant is that certain remarks by the prosecutor during closing argument deprived her of due process and a fair trial. No .objection was taken to the allegedly improper comments at the time they were made, and, thus, the defendant does not challenge any action on the part of the court. We have reviewed the defendant’s claim of prosecutorial misconduct under the four guidelines of State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989).
“Review of unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct has been reserved for instances where the claimed misconduct was part of a pattern of misconduct repeated throughout the trial or was blatantly egregious.” State v. Horne, 19 Conn. App. 111, 128,
IV
Next, the defendant claims that the trial court should have granted her motion in limine and not allowed testimony regarding the seizure of $31,480 from her purse. Her objection is that this evidence is not relevant to the conspiracy charge contained in the third count of the substitute information. She cites State v. Groos, 110 Conn. 403, 408, 148 A. 350 (1930), for the proposition that “[t]he admissibility of articles found in a defendant’s possession depends upon their being connected with or traced to the crime charged.”
The trial court possesses broad discretionary power in determining the relevancy of evidence, and its determinations will remain undisturbed unless a clear abuse of discretion is shown. State v. Mendez, 15 Conn. App. 531, 536, 545 A.2d 587, cert. denied, 209 Conn. 810, 548 A.2d 441 (1988). The quantity of money seized from the defendant was relevant to the issue of intent to sell cocaine. State v. Holeman, 18 Conn. App. 175, 179, 556 A.2d 1052 (1989); State v. Ruth, 16 Conn. App. 148, 155, 547 A.2d 548 (1988); State v. Uribe, 14 Conn. App. 388, 393-94, 540 A.2d 1081 (1988).
V
The defendant’s final claim is that the trial court should have granted her motion to correct her sentence. The trial court sentenced the defendant on August 26, 1988, to ten years incarceration for “conspiracy to commit violation of the state dependency producing drug law, in violation of section 53a-48 and 21a-277 of the Connecticut General Statutes in the manner and form as per said substitute information on file.” The basis for her motion to correct sentence is, in her own words,
As we have stated throughout this opinion, it was abundantly clear under the circumstances of this case that the defendant was tried and convicted of a violation of subsection 21a-277 (a). There is an articulated penalty for such a violation. The maximum sentence includes incarceration for fifteen years. The same maximum sentence may be imposed upon a person who conspires to violate § 21a-277 (a). See General Statutes § 53a-51. The trial court lawfully sentenced the defendant to ten years incarceration.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
General Statutes § 21a-278 (b) provides in relevant part: “Any person who manufactures, distributes, sells, prescribes, dispenses, compounds, transports with the intent to sell or dispense, possesses with the intent to sell or dispense, offers, gives or administers to another person any narcotic substance, hallucinogenic substance other than marihuana, amphetamine-type substance, or one kilogram or more of a cannabis-type substance except as authorized in this chapter, and who is not at the time of such action a drug-dependent person, for a first offense shall be imprisoned not less than five years nor more than twenty years; and for each subsequent offense shall be imprisoned not less than ten years nor more than twenty-five years.”
General Statutes § 21a-277 provides in relevant part: “PENALTY FOR ILLEGAL MANUFACTURE, DISTRIBUTION, SALE, PRESCRIPTION, DISPENSING, (a) Any person who manufactures, distributes, sells, prescribes, dispenses, compounds, transports with the intent to sell or dispense, possesses with the intent to sell or dispense, offers, gives or administers to another person any controlled substance which is a hallucinogenic substance other than marihuana, or a narcotic substance, except as authorized in this chapter, for a first offense, shall be imprisoned not more than fifteen years and may be fined not more than fifty thousand dollars or be both fined and imprisoned; and for a second offense shall be imprisoned not more than thirty years and may be fined not more than one hundred thousand dollars, or be both fined and imprisoned; and for each subsequent offense, shall be imprisoned not more than thirty years and may be fined not more than two hundred fifty thousand dollars, or be both fined and imprisoned.
“(b) Any person who manufactures, distributes, sells, prescribes, dispenses, compounds, transports with intent to sell or dispense, possesses with intent to sell or dispense, offers, gives or administers to another person any controlled substance, except a narcotic substance, or a hallucinogenic substance other than marihuana, except as authorized in this chapter, may, for the first offense, be fined not more than twenty-five thousand dollars or be imprisoned not more than seven years or be both fined and imprisoned; and, for each subsequent offense, may be fined not more than one hundred thousand dollars or be imprisoned not more than fifteen years, or be both fined and imprisoned.
“(c) No person shall knowingly possess drug paraphernalia in a drug factory situation as defined by subdivision (20) of section 21a-240 for the unlawful mixing, compounding or otherwise preparing any controlled substance for purposes of violation of this chapter.”
The defendant’s second and fifth claims are closely related and will be considered together.
The third count reads as follows: “AND SAID STATE’S ATTORNEY FURTHER accuses the said GLORIA MONAR of Conspiracy and charges that at the Town of Stratford, Fairfield County, between the approximate times of 7:30 p.m. and 8:03 p.m., July 24, 1987 at Stratford and at other locations the said GLORIA MONAR, with intent that conduct constituting the crime of Violation of the State Dependency Producing Drug Law in violation of Section 21a-277 be performed, agreed with one or more persons to engage in or cause the performance of such conduct and there were committed one or more overt acts in the performance of such conspiracy in violation of Section 53a-48 of the Connecticut General Statutes.”
“[Practice Book] Sec. 831. [Bill of Particulars]—Time for Filing
“Pursuant to Sec. 811, the defendant may make a motion or the judicial authority may order at any time, that the prosecuting authority file a bill of particulars.
“[Practice Book] Sec. 832. [Bill of Particulars]—Content
“The judicial authority shall order that a bill of particulars disclose information sufficient to enable the defendant to prepare his defense, including but not being limited to reasonable notice of the crime charged and the date, time, and place of its commission.”
The sixth amendment to the United States constitution provides in part that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right
“Relying on the methodology of State v. Whistnant, 179 Conn. 576, 427 A.2d 414 (1980), we hold that a defendant can prevail on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; (2) the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right; (3) the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial; and (4) if subject to harmless error analysis, the state has failed to demonstrate harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable doubt. In the absence of any one of these conditions, the defendant’s claim will fail. The appellate tribunal is free, therefore, to respond to the defendant’s claim by focusing on whichever condition is most relevant in the particular circumstances.” State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989).
