164 Wash. 2d 83 | Wash. | 2008
Lead Opinion
¶1 Desmond Módica was arrested after striking his wife in the face. While in jail, he called his grandmother almost everyday. Near the jailhouse telephones was a sign warning that calls would be recorded, a fact confirmed by an automatic message played for every person making or receiving a call from these telephones. We must decide whether Modica’s calls were nonetheless “private,” protected by the Washington privacy act, chapter 9.73 RCW, and not admissible in court. We conclude the calls were not private and affirm.
Facts
¶2 Kerry Solandros was on her way to work early one morning when she saw a woman with a bloody face stumbling down the sidewalk. Solandros pulled over, offered to help, and called 911. The woman, who was married to Módica, was taken to the hospital where she told the emergency room physician that her husband had punched her in the face. The hospital examination found multiple fractures to her nasal bone, and the police arrested Módica. He was initially charged with assault and resisting arrest and ordered to have no contact with his wife.
¶3 Shortly before Módica was arrested, the King County jail installed a new recording system that automatically recorded every call made and tracked every number dialed. Again, signs are posted near the telephones warning that calls will be recorded, and an automated message repeats that warning to those both making and receiving the calls. For example, when Módica called his grandmother, both of them heard:
Hello, this is a collect call from [Desmond,] an inmate at King County Detention Facility. This call will be recorded and subject to monitoring at any time. To accept the charges dial three. To decline the charges dial nine or hang up now. Thank you for using Public Communication Services. You may begin speaking now.
Ex. 19, track 1.
¶5 At trial, the judge denied Modica’s motion to exclude the taped conversations and several of the calls were played for the jury. These recorded calls strongly supported the witness tampering charge. The jury convicted Módica of two counts of assault, one count of resisting arrest, and one count of tampering with a witness. The Court of Appeals affirmed. Módica sought our review only of the trial court’s admission of the recordings of the conversations with his grandmother and asked that we suppress the recordings and reverse his tampering conviction.
Analysis
¶6 Generally, our privacy act makes it “unlawful. . . to intercept, or record any: (a) [p]rivate communications transmitted by telephone ... between two or more individuals . . . without first obtaining the consent of all the participants in the communication.” RCW 9.73.030(1). “Any information obtained in violation of RCW 9.73.030 . .. shall be inadmissible in any civil or criminal case in all courts of general or limited jurisdiction in this state.” RCW 9.73.050. Whether a conversation is private is a question of fact but may be decided as a question of law where, as here, the facts are not meaningfully in dispute. State v. Townsend, 147 Wn.2d 666, 673, 57 P.3d 255 (2002) (citing State v. Clark, 129 Wn.2d 211, 225, 916 P.2d 384 (1996)).
¶7 The privacy act does not define “private,” but we have previously found it means “ ‘belonging to one’s self. . .
¶8 We will assume for purposes of our analysis that Módica and his grandmother intended that their conversations be private. This case then turns on whether that expectation was reasonable. We hold under these facts, it was not. First, we have already held that inmates have a reduced expectation of privacy. State v. Campbell, 103 Wn.2d 1, 23, 691 P.2d 929 (1984). Second, both Modica and his grandmother knew they were being recorded and that someone might listen to those recordings. Módica made the calls under a physical sign on the wall warning of that fact. He and his grandmother had to listen to an automated system’s warning that the call will be “recorded and [is] subject to monitoring at any time.” Ex. 19, track 1; cf. Lewis v. Dep’t of Licensing, 157 Wn.2d 446, 459, 139 P.3d 1078 (2006). What is more, Módica and his grandmother were recorded discussing the fact that their calls were being recorded. Whatever expectation of privacy they had, it was not reasonable.
¶9 However, we caution that we have not held, and do not hold today, that a conversation is not private simply because the participants know it will or might be recorded or intercepted. See generally State v. Faford, 128 Wn.2d
¶10 The State also argues that these particular calls could not be private because Módica intended that messages be passed on to his wife. We do not find this argument persuasive. While in some circumstances, the fact that the content of the call is intended to be passed on to another may be relevant to whether it is private, it is certainly not determinative. This is not like State v. Forrester, 21 Wn. App. 855, 861-62, 587 P.2d 179 (1978), where the defendant made calls to the police taking responsibility for a gruesome double homicide and threatening to kill again unless paid off. The defendant asked the police officer answering the telephone to arrange for the police chief and city mayor to be present for a second call where he asked for $10,000 to be delivered to a bowling alley restroom by a young boy. Id. at 858-59. He also threatened to kill again and report to the world that the city could have prevented the death by paying the money. Id. Taken as a whole, the court reasonably found that “[t]hese are not the statements of someone who expects the substance of his telephone call to remain confidential.” Id. at 862. But the mere fact that a portion of the conversation is intended to
fll Given our holding, we need not reach whether Módica and his grandmother impliedly consented to having their conversations recorded.
Conclusion
¶12 We hold that the State did not violate the privacy act by recording these particular calls. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by admitting the recordings. We affirm Modica’s conviction.
We note that such facts may also be relevant to the issue of implied consent. Townsend, 147 Wn.2d at 676.
Accordingly, we also have no cause to reach Modica’s argument that we should not find implied consent because the situation was inherently coercive. Módica points out that he did not have the option of using an untapped telephone and that every call made by an inmate is recorded. This happens whether the inmate has been charged with a crime, is held on a petty or serious offense, is there for public safety reasons, or simply is too poor to afford minimal bail. The State may, at its whim, listen to conversations with family, friends, and employers and, if it finds the conversation useful, may use it against the inmate. Nothing in this opinion should be taken to prejudge a future challenge to this practice, if properly supported with authority.
Dissenting Opinion
¶13 (dissenting) — “[Washington’s privacy act, chapter 9.73 RCW] is one of the most restrictive electronic surveillance laws ever promulgated.” State v. O’Neill, 103 Wn.2d 853, 878, 700 P.2d 711 (1985). Today the majority has changed this calculus by allowing jails to record and listen to an inmate’s telephone conversations, thereby significantly limiting the act’s protections. I believe the privacy act requires phone conversations between family members remain confidential, even where one of the family members “has been charged with a crime, is held on a petty or serious offense, is [in jail] for public safety reasons, or simply is too poor to afford minimal bail.” Majority at 90 n.2. I would hold the phone conversations at
¶14 The Washington privacy act plainly prohibits intercepting or recording a private telephone conversation without the consent of the parties to the conversation.
[I]t shall be unlawful for any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or the state of Washington, its agencies, and political subdivisions to intercept, or record any:
(a) Private communication transmitted by telephone, telegraph, radio, or other device between two or more individuals between points within or without the state by any device electronic or otherwise designed to record and/or transmit said communication regardless how such device is powered or actuated, without first obtaining the consent of all the participants in the communication.
RCW 9.73.030(1). Violation of the privacy act not only is a gross misdemeanor
¶15 Whether a conversation is private is based on both the subjective intentions of the parties and other factors demonstrating whether the parties’ intentions to keep the conversation private were reasonable. State v. Clark, 129 Wn.2d 211, 225, 916 P.2d 384 (1996). These factors are the “[djuration and subject matter of the conversation,” the “[[location of [conversation and [p]resence or [p]otential [pjresence of a [t]hird [p]arty,” and the “[r]ole of the [njonconsenting [p]arty and [h]is or [h]er [Relationship to
¶16 Clearly, conversations between a man and his grandmother are intended to be private. Like the conversations at issue in State v. Faford, 128 Wn.2d 476, 910 P.2d 447 (1996), Modica’s conversations with his grandmother were intended to remain confidential. The conversations were not “inconsequential, nonincriminating telephone conversation[s] with a stranger,” which the court has held “lacked the expectation of privacy necessary to trigger the privacy act.” Id. at 484-85 (citing Kadoranian, 119 Wn.2d at 190; State v. Slemmer, 48 Wn. App. 48, 52, 738 P.2d 281 (1987); Forrester, 21 Wn. App. at 861).
¶17 Moreover, the court has held a defendant’s subjective intention that communication was private was reasonable in State v. Townsend, 147 Wn.2d 666, 674, 57 P.3d 255 (2002). In Townsend the defendant sent a series of sexually explicit messages to a police detective who was posing as a 13-year-old girl named “Amber.” Id. at 670. The court held these messages were private based in part on the subject matter of the conversation. Id. at 674. In this case Módica was conversing with his grandmother about helping his wife to avoid testifying at his trial. Like Townsend, this is strong evidence the conversations at issue here were private.
¶18 That Módica and his grandmother knew the call may be monitored does not make Modica’s expectation that the conversation was private unreasonable. As we have previously stated, “The mere possibility that interception of the communication is technologically feasible does not
¶19 That telephone conversations from detained individuals are intended to be protected by the privacy act is demonstrated by the legislature’s enactment of an exception for state prisons. RCW 9.73.095.
¶20 The majority allows the admission of recorded conversations of individuals detained in jail, innocent or not,
¶21 However even private conversations, like the ones here, are not protected by the privacy act where the parties consent to their disclosure. The State incorrectly argues Módica and his grandmother consented to the recording because they were notified the call could be recorded. However, notification does not equal consent. If notification were equivalent to consent to record and disclose private conversations, violating individual’s rights would be avoided by announcing you intended to do so. See United States v. Novak, 453 F. Supp. 2d 249, 257 n.3 (D. Mass. 2006) (citing Blackburn v. Snow, 771 F.2d 556, 563 (1st Cir. 1985)).
¶22 Any purported consent here was involuntary and therefore invalid. This court has previously held consent cannot be voluntary where the individual was unaware he had the ability to refuse consent. State v. Ferrier, 136 Wn.2d 103, 116, 960 P.2d 927 (1998). It stands to reason then if an individual cannot consent without being aware of the ability to refuse, an individual cannot consent when he has no ability to refuse. Modica had no other options to speak with his grandmother, except to use the jail phone, which in turn, recorded their conversation. Because Modica lacked the ability to avoid recording his phone calls, the “consent” here is illusory at best.
¶23 The majority undermines the protections provided by Washington’s privacy act when it holds conversations between those in county jails and their loved ones are not private. The legislature intended these conversations to be protected or else county jails would have been included in the state prison exception. Moreover, any “consent” to record these conversations was illusory at best because the parties lacked meaningful choice. I would continue to limit the power of the State to surveil its citizens by holding
¶24 I dissent.
RCW 9.73.080(1).
RCW 9.73.060.
In addition to allowing for recording of the calls, the statute institutes a series of safeguards to protect the rights of the inmate. These include limiting the individuals who can access the recordings, the situations in which the tapes can be divulged, the time the tapes could be held, and prohibiting recording conversations between an inmate and his attorney. None of these safeguards is provided to those detained in jail by the majority opinion.
The majority fails to make any distinction between individuals who are incarcerated following conviction, those held prior to posting bail, and those held for trial because they were unable to post bail. The phone calls of the innocent are recorded just as the phone calls of the guilty.