State v. Miller

71 N.J.L. 527 | N.J. | 1905

The opinion of the court was delivered by

Magie, Chancellor.

This writ of error brings up for review the conviction of plaintiff in error of the crime of murder in the first degree.

The plaintiff in error has procured the return with the writ of error of the entire record of the proceedings at the trial in the manner permitted by section 136 of the Criminal Procedure act'of 1898. Pamph. L., p. 866.

There were also returned therewith bills of exceptions.

Plaintiff in error has assigned errors of which some are founded on exceptions shown in said bills and others are not so founded. He has not filed any specification of causes for relief or reversal, nor has he made it appear that he has served any such specification upon the attorney-general, or the prosecutor of the pleas, as he is required to do by section 137 of the act above cited.

The prosecutor of the pleas, upon the argument, objected to -our consideration of any questions presented upon the record of the proceedings at the trial under section 136, because no causes for relief or reversal were specified or served as required by section 137, and he insisted that plaintiff in error should be confined to his bills of exception and the assignments of error thereon as prescribed by the latter section.

In the case of State v. Young, 38 Vroom 223, this court had before it a similar judgment of conviction, brought up by a writ of error, with bills of exception and the entire record of the proceedings at the trial. The plaintiff in error had assigned errors, but had failed to file or serve specifications. The omission was pointed out, with a queere whether under such circumstances the court was required to review any matters except such as were presented by the assignments of error. But because no objection had been interposed to the consideration of the whole matter, and the question suggested had not been argued, and because of the importance of the case to the plaintiff in error, we deemed it best to consider his case in all its aspects.

In the case before us now, upon the objection of the prosecutor of the pleas, we feel bound to declare that plaintiff in error cannot require us to review any matters except those presented by the bills of exception and the assignments of error thereon. To obtain a review of other matters under section 136 the plaintiff in error must specify the causes relied on and serve such specifications upon the representative of the state, as required by section 137. State v. Shutts, 40 Vroom 206.

The first assignment of error is founded on an exception to the admission of a question addressed to one Lewis, who had, without objection, testified that he was a licensed preacher of the African M. E. Church, having charge of the services of the church in Pompton, near the scene of the homicide; that he had been holding extra services every night for nearly three weeks previous to the time of the homicide ; that plaintiff in error had been attending these services quite regularly, but that the witness had noticed his absence from the meetings. The question then put was: “Ilow frequontly was lie absent?” Objection was interposed to the question as immaterial and irrelevant. It was admitted and this exception .allowed.

We think the question was properly admitted. In the absence of direct proof of the presence of plaintiff in error at the scene of the homicide (of which there was none) it was material for the state to show his whereabouts at the time, at least to the extent of justifying an inference that he might have been at that place. There was proof that plaintiff in error left the house of his employer about nine o’clock of the night in question, apparently to go to the barn, to a room in which he slept, and that the house at which the homicide was committed at some time in the early part of that night was not far distant. Proof that plaintiff in error was absent on that night from the services which he .had been attending with regularity, was competent in the same line. The question was adapted to elicit that fact, and the answer to the question disclosed that the accused was absent on the night in question from his accustomed place. This, if believed, excluded any inference that when he had left his employer’s house ho had gone to the night meeting.

The second assignment of error is directed to the admission of evidence from the county physician, respecting his examination of the body of the accused while in the jail.

The exception on which the assignment is said to be founded is thus shown in the bill of exceptions. The witness had testified that he had noticed particular marks upon the person of the accused, and he was then asked “to describe that.” lie answered that he went to the jail to examine the body of the accused. Thereupon counsel for plaintiff in error interposed an objection to the question. It was overruled and the exception allowed. It will be observed that the objection was not made when the question was asked, but only after the witness had commenced his answer thereto, and then no reason was presented why the question was claimed to be inadmissible.

But it is argued here that the witness, by his answer, so far as given when the objection ivas interposed, had clearly indicated that the purpose of the question was to elicit the result of witness’ observation obtained by an examination of the body of plaintiff in error while in the jail, and that, if a question with that purpose was inadmissible, the objection must have been deemed by the trial judge to have been made upon that ground, and so to be reviewable.

It is further argued that the next answer of the witness, after the objection was overruled, should he considered, and that wre should determine the admissibility of the question in the light of the purpose disclosed by the commenced and by the subsequent answer. The claim seems to he that, upon the objection, the prosecutor should have opened the purpose for which the evidence was offered, and that had he done so the objection to the question would have been shown to he tenable. Assuming, without deciding, that the question thus argued is brought within our consideration, we have given it attention. The witness, in response to the question, testified that he had the plaintiff in error removed to a room in the upper part of the jail, and divested of his clothes, and he thereupon made an examination of his person, with the result that he discovered two superficial wounds, one on the hack of each hand, which wounds he described.

The argument is that by this course of procedure pl,aintiff in error was compelled, in a criminal case, to be a wdtness against himself, in violation of one clause of the fifth amendment to the constitution of the United States. Some of the provisions of that amendment have been adopted in the constitution of this state. The particular provision supposed to he infringed by this course of procedure has not been included in our constitution.

It has been frequently held that the first ten amendments to the constitution of the United States axe inapplicable as prohibitions upon the states, hut are applicable alone to the federal government and its courts and officers. Such wras the view' taken in our Supreme Court, in a case involving the applicability of this clause to the admission in evidence of papers discovered upon the person of an accused when searched by the officers who had arrested him. State v. MacQueen, 40 Vroom 522. Prom the case of Banour v. Baltimore, 7 Pet. 243, such has been the current of decisions in the Supreme Court of the United States.

The contention made in Spies v. Illinois, 123 U. S. 131,. to the effect that since the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States has placed a limitation on the power of tire states to abridge the immunities of 'any citizen of the United States, the first ten amendments, so-far as they secure fundamental rights of the individual man, are thereby made applicable to secure the same against any abridgment thereof by the states in respect to citizens of the-United States, was not dealt with by the court, because an examination of the record-before it disclosed that no federal question was presented. The contention was again made in Maxwell v. Dow, 176 Id. 581, but without success; Mr. Justice Peekham, who spoke for the court, pointing out that the contrary view had been declared in Hurtado v. California, 110 Id. 516. See, also, Mason v. Missouri, 179 Id. 328; Brown v. New Jersey, 175 Id. 172.

But, although the clause of the fifth amendment of the constitution of the United States relied on by counsel is not applicable to our criminal procedure, and we have not deemed it necessary to adopt it in our constitution, yet the doctrine of the clause, so far as it expresses the rule of the common law as we have adopted it, is the rule of our courts in the admission of evidence in criminal cases. It has been declared in this court that the doctrine of the common law in that respect has full force, and that no person can be compelled to be a witness against himself. State v. Zdanowicz, 40 Vroom 619 & But we recognize the admissibility of voluntary confessions- or admissions by the accused, taking care that they have not been induced by threats or by direct or implied promises. Roesel v. State, 33 Id. 216. But when an accused waives the privilege afforded by this rule and offers himself as a witness in his own behalf, he may be cross-examined like other witnesses. State v. Zdanowicz, ubi supra.

But none of the objections against the admission of testimony of an accused, extorted by compulsion, can reasonably be applied to evidence elicited from witnesses who have observed the accused and merely testify to the results of their observation. It is a fair inference, from the testimony in this case, that the wounds on the back of the hands of plaintiff in error could have been observed by the physician without removing the clothing. Evidence of the results of such ob■servation is not prohibited, either by the language of the ■constitutional clause appealed to or by the common law. It is not evidence which the accused has given or has been compelled to give. In respect to such observations, the accused is not made a witness against himself. That was all the •evidence which was in fact produced, and we do not think it can be rendered incompetent because the witness who testified had, in his anxiety to make further' observations, compelled the accused to submit to be divested of his clothing and •examined for ocher wounds.

Xor do we desire to be understood as conceding that if the physician had rendered himself liable to an action for damages for illegally removing the clothing of a prisoner, and thereby enabling him to observe a wound on the person which had been concealed, that the testimony of his observation would have been inadmissible. If the wound were upon the face or hand, or a part of his person exposed to common view, it would be absurd to say that testimony of what the wound presented to common observation was compelling a person on whom the wound was to be a witness against himself. I think it is equally absurd to say that the testimony of the observation of a wound in any part of the body, although •obtained by a forcible removal of what concealed it, is to be rejected as produced by compelling a person to be a witness against himself. There are cases which carry the protection, of the accused under such constitutional restrictions to an extent which seems unwarranted. The whole subject is discussed in the prevailing opinion in the case of State v. Ah Chuey, 114 Nev. 79, in which the action of the trial judge in compelling a defendant, on trial on an indictment, to expose his arm and admitted evidence in respect to certain tatooed marks thereon, was under review.

But in this case there is nothing whatever to indicate that plaintiff in error objected to the removal of his clothing and the examination of his person. So far as appears, it was entirely voluntary on his pari.

The third assignment of error is intended to question the admissibility of evidence, which may be thus stated: In the house where the homicide took place, there was, upon the wall of one of the rooms, an imprint of a bloody hand. Before the plaintiff in error was arrested he accompanied some of the peace officers to this house, and in the room where the print was he was asked to place his hand upon the bloody mark, which he did. Testimony as to the comparison of the hand with the mark was offered and objected to. We see no possible ground for excluding such evidence. The request to place his hand upon the mark was voluntarily complied with by the accused, and bystanders were competent to express an opinion as to coincidence between the outline of the hand and of the print. It may be added that a section of the wall containing the print was produced before the jury, and the testimony of such comparison was like that held to be proper in the case of Johnson v. State, 30 Vroom 271; S. C., Id. 535, where the prints of the shoes of the accused were made in sand before the jury, and witnesses who had observed prints in the sand at the place of the fatal struggle were permitted to compare them with what they had observed at that place.

The fourth assignment of error is not supported by any exception, and the matter of objection disclosed in the argument does not indicate any error.

The fifth assignment of error relates to the admission in evidence of various statements of the prisoner made before and after his arrest. Those made before his arrest, tve think, are clearly admissible. Those made after the arrest were not admitted until the trial judge had, upon evidence, found as a fact that they were voluntarily given, anti as there was evidence to support that conclusion the admission is not reviewable.

There are several assignments of error relating to the admission in evidence of clothes taken from the prisoner, the razor found in his room and the section of the wall on which was the imprint of a bloody hand, but there was proof in respect to each that rendered them proper to be presented as evidence before the jury.

Two of the remaining assignments of error are presented to the admission of evidence of a comparison by witnesses of spots upon the clothing of the accused with spots that had appeared upon portions of the clothing which had been cut off and used by experts in attempting to determine whether they were spotted with blood. Evidence of comparison between two things capable of being presented to the jury, and of which, upon presentation, the jury could jú'dge as well as a witness, would, of course, be objectionable. Such evidence would not be in any sense expert or opinion evidence. But the comparison in this ease was made between specimens which had been destroyed in the examination -by the experts and could not bo presented to the jury. The question was therefore as to the comparison between that which had been observed by the witness but was incapable of being presented for the observation of the jury. We do not doubt that it was entirely admissible to present that evidence. It is similar to the admission of the evidence of witnesses in the case of Johnson v. State, ubi supra, respecting the comparison between prints in the sand which witnesses had observed at the place of the fatal struggle, and which had been obliterated at the time of the trial, and the prints made before the jury.

There are no other assignments of error supported by any bills of exceptions, nor do we observe in any of them any matter asserted that, if specified as cause for relief or reversal, would indicate that any wrong or injury was done to plaintiff in error in the trial of his case.

The result is that the judgment must be affirmed.

For affirmance — -The Chancellor, Ci-iiee Justice, Dixon, Garrison, Fort, Garretson, Swayze, Bogert, Yre-DENJ3URGH, YOORI-IEES, YrOOM, GREEN, GRAY. 13.'

For reversal — None.