By a second amended information, Darrin Meuir (“Defendant”) was charged with committing the class A felony of robbery in the first degree and the unclassified felony of armed criminal action (“ACA”).
Defendant presents two points in his appeal. Point I challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support Defendant’s ACA conviction. Point II challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support Defendant’s conviction for first-degree robbery. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
I. Standard of Review
When reviewing the sufficiency of evidence tо support a criminal conviction, an appellate court gives great deference to the trier of fact.
State v. Chaney,
II. Facts and Procedural History
Defendant and Christopher Shipman (“Shipman”) had been acquainted since 1996. Defendant knew Shipman was a drug addict. On September 12, 2001, they spent most of the day together at Ship-man’s residence. While there with Defendant, Shipman smoked a large quantity of crack cocaine. As Shipman began “coming down” from the effects of the drug, he started craving more of it.
In the early morning hours of September 13, 2001, Shipman and Defendant drove in Defendant’s Chevrolet Cavalier to Keller’s Truck Stop (“the store”) in Miner, Missouri. Between 1:00 and 2:00 a.m., they entered the store through the south side door, which was the only one left unlocked after 11:00 p.m. The clerk, Lois Lutes (“Lutes”), noticed them because Shipman was very tall with blonde hair in a ponytail, and Defendant was a lot shorter with darker-colored hair. Both men were wearing blue jeans, and Shipman had on a T-shirt. Lutes asked if she could help them find anything. There was another customer playing a video game in the back part of the store. When Defendant and Shipman saw the other customer, they turned around and walked out.
About 3:00 a.m., Defendant and Shipman drove back to the vicinity of the store. Defendant backed his car off of Highway H, which ran parallel to the store, and stopped with the vehicle parked on the grass behind a privacy fence about 100 yards away. Shipman put on a long, brown shirt over his T-shirt and left the vehicle with a gas mask, a .22 starter’s pistol and Defendant’s brown jersey gloves. Defendant stayed in the driver’s seat of the car. A .30-06 rifle was stuck between the console and the' passenger’s seat. The rifle was fully loaded with four
Lutes was alone in the .store when Ship-man came back this time. He was wearing the gas mask to cover his face, and he had the jersey gloves on his hands. He pointed the starter’s pistol at Lutes and demаnded the cash from the register. While walking into the circular island area where the register was located, Lutes hit a panic button that triggered a silent alarm. Lutes opened the register with a key, and Shipman removed the entire cash drawer, containing about $600, from the machine. Shipman ran out of the store’s south door and headed southwest with the drawer and money. The robbery took about three minutes.
After leaving the store, Shipman ran back toward Defendant’s car. He had placed the pistol on top of the cash drawer, which he was holding with his left hand. He ran around the end of the fence and back to the vehicle. After opening the door with his right hand, he pulled the gas mask off and pitched it inside the car. He backed into the car, set the gun and cash drawer down and told Defendant to drive. Defendant pulled onto Highway H, drove north and then turned east onto Highway HH. Highways H and HH intersect about one mile from the store. After staying on Highway HH for a short distance, Defendant entered the southbound lanes of Interstate 55 (“1-55”) and drove toward Sikeston.
Officer Donald Massey (“Officer Massey”) was dispatched to the store after Lutes hit the alarm. After interviewing Lutes briefly and relaying her description of the robber to other officers, Officer Massey began looking for evidence at the scene. In the grass south of the store’s parking lot, he found one set of footprints in the dew. The footprints led to a privacy fence, about six feet high, approximately 100 yards from the store. On the opposite side of the fence, the footprints continued and intersected a single set of tire tracks left by a vehicle in the dewy grass. The tracks stopped at the passenger’s door of the vehicle. Officer Massey also found a comb containing brown hairs and a baseball cap lying right beside the tire tracks. The fence was constructed in a way that allowed him to see the south door of the store by looking through gaps between the planks.
At 3:20 a.m., Officer Anthony Moody (“Officer Moody”) was on patrol in the northbound lanes of 1-55 when he received a report that an armed robbery had occurred at the store. He noticed a Chevy Cavalier enter the southbound lanes of I-55 from Highway HH. Since there was almost no traffic on the road and the store was only a short distance south of Highway HH, Officer Moody became suspicious that the vehicle had been involved in the robbery. Using radar, he clocked the vehicle going only 45 m.p.h. in a 70 m.p.h. zone. As Officer Moody met up with the oncoming vehicle, he turned on his spotlight and observed two males in the car. The passenger fit Lutes’ description of the robber as a male with long blonde hair in a ponytail. Officer Moody crossed the medi
After Defendant and Shipman entered the Sikeston city limits, Officer Moore was assisted in the pursuit by Sikeston city police officers. Moore kept Defendant’s car in sight the entire time until it was stopped. Defendant and Shipman were arrested, and the Cavalier was searched. Inside the car, police found the cash drawer containing $618 in cash and coin, the .22 starter’s pistol, gas mask, jersey gloves and loaded .30-06 rifle.
After Shipman was arrested, he confessed to robbing the store in order to obtain money to buy more drugs. He later pled guilty to first-degree robbery.
Defendant was charged with first-degree robbery and ACA. The robbery charge alleged that Defendant “forcibly stole a cash drawer and lawful currency in the possession of Lois Lutes of Keller’s Truck Stop, Miner, Missouri, [and] the defendant threatеned the use of what appeared to be a deadly weapon.” The ACA charge alleged that Defendant “committed the foregoing felony of robbery in the first degree by, with and through the use, and aid of a dangerous instrument, to wit: a 30-06 Rifle.”
At trial, Defendant’s counsel filed a motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of the State’s evidence, which was overruled. After calling Shipman as a witness for the defense, counsel filed another motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of all of the evidence. 2 It also was overruled. The first-degree robbery charge against Defendant was submitted on an accomplice liability theory. See § 562.041.1. After submitting facts sufficient to prove Shipman committed first-degree robbery, the fifth paragraph of the verdict-directing instruction on Defendant’s robbery charge hypothesized that “with the purpose of promoting or furthering the commission of the robbery in the first degree, the defendant knowingly aided and encouraged Christopher Shipman by driving him to the scene of the robbery and driving him away from the scene of the robbery, thereby aiding his eseape[.]” The ACA verdict-directing instruction submitted one additional element: “defendant knowingly committed that offense with the assistance of a deadly weapon[.]” After the jury retired to deliberate, it sent out a note that stated as follows:
Instruction 6
Fifth statement
to be convicted of robbery in the first degree do you have to believe that he knew before and after or either or?
(Emphasis in original.) The judge answered the inquiry by telling the jury to “[pjlease be guided by the instructions.” Thereafter, the jury returned verdicts finding Defendant guilty of each offense. In a post-trial motion, defendant again challengеd the sufficiency of the evidence to find him guilty of either offense. The motion was overruled, and this appeal followed.
III. Discussion and Decision
Defendant’s first point challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction for ACA. To be found guilty of this offense, there must be proof Defendant committed “any felony under the laws of this state by, with, or through the use, assistance, or aid of a dangerous instrument or deadly weapon.... ” § 571.015.1. Here, the underlying felony
Defendant argues the evidence, that he remained in the car with the .30-06 rifle while Shipman robbed the store using a different gun, is insufficient to support a conviction for ACA. With commendable candor, the State concedes this to be true, based on the specific manner in which Defendant was charged with first-degree robbery аnd ACA. After' independently reviewing the matter, we agree.
Our recent decision in
State v. Carpenter,
As the State drafted the information here, the crime of first-degree burglary was completed upon Appellant’s unlawful entry into Seymour’s home with the intent to assault her and with Seymour in the house at the time of entry.... It follows that, in order for Appellant to have committed ACA in the course of committing first-degree burglary, as that crime was charged here, he must have gained entry “by, with, or through the use, assistance, or aid of’ the rifle ... and a person not participating in the crime, in this case Seymour, must have been present in the home when Appellant entered. No evidence was presented suggesting this occurred.
Id. at 723.
Here, Defendant was charged with committing first-degree robbery, via accomplice liability, because Shipman forcibly stole the cash drawer and monéy from Lutes by threatening her with the .22 starter’s pistol. Defendant was charged with ACA for committing first-degree robbery by, with and through the use and aid of the .30-06 rifle. As to the ACA charge, the State concedes there was no proof Defendant used the .30-06 rifle to commit first-degree robbery. The State beаrs the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt each element of the offense charged.
See State v. Johnson,
Defendant’s second point challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction for first-degree robbery. He argues the State’s evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant aided or assisted Shipman prior to the robbery. Instead, Defendant
As a preliminary matter, we note Defendant’s point relied on posits trial court error in overruling Defendant’s
motions
for judgment of acquittal. He filed one at the close of the State’s case and one at the close of all of the evidence. Since Defendant argues that “the defense case cannot be considered by this Court on the question of whether sufficient evidence supported the robbery conviction,” we infer Defendant is asking us to review the denial of the motion filed at the close of the State’s case. We cannot do so. After Defendant’s first motion was overruled, he presented evidence in the form of Ship-man’s testimony. By doing so, Defendant waived any claim of error relating to the denial of the motion he filed at the close of the State’s case.
State v. Smith,
Turning to the merits of Defendant’s argument, we begin by briefly considering what must be proven to establish accomplice liability. Missouri has eliminated the distinction between principal and accessory liability by making all persons who act in concert to commit a crime equally guilty.
State v. May,
Defendant and Shipman were together most of the day pi’ior to thе robbery. During that time, Shipman consumed a large quantity of crack cocaine in Defendant’s presence. Defendant knew Shipman was addicted to drugs. They came to the store together shortly before the robbery occurred. A reasonable juror could infer that they did so for planning purposes. Once they entered the store, they looked around, bought nothing, left immediately when they saw therе was another customer inside and returned a short time later with weapons and a disguise for Shipman to wear. Furthermore, upon returning, Defendant backed his car off Highway H 100 yards from the store and hid the vehicle behind a privacy fence. He parked the car in a position where he could
Proof that a defendant acted as a lookout while someone else committed a robbery has been held to be sufficient evidence of encouragement and participation to create accomplice liability.
See State v. Gregory,
In so holding, we have considered the arguments advanced by Defendant, but we find them unpersuasive. First, Defendant claims the jury’s note shows the State’s evidence was insufficient. We disagree. The uncontroverted evidence presented
by Defendant
showed he knew Shipman had robbed the store when he returned to the car. Nevertheless, Defendant willingly drove Shipman from the scene of the crime. As the above-cited cases demonstrate, this act alone would be sufficient to create accomplice liability. Therefore, even if the jury concluded Defendant did not know the robbery had occurred until Shipman returned to the car, the evidenсe was sufficient to support the verdict returned. Second, we find the principal case upon which Defendant relies,
State v. Gallimore,
Defendant’s conviction and sentence for robbery in the first degree is affirmed. His conviction and sentence for ACA is reversed.