Lead Opinion
The issue presented herein is whether the crime of robbery under R. C. 2911.02 is a lesser-included offense of the crime of aggravated robbеry under R. C. 2911.01(A)(1).
There is no dispute that the indictment only included a
In pertinent part, R. C. 2911.01 defines aggravated robbery as follows:
“(A) No person, in attempting or committing a theft offense*** shall***:
“(1) Have a deadly weapon or dangerous оrdnance* * * on or about his person or under his control;***”
In pertinent part, R. C. 2911.02 defines robbery as follows:
“(A) No person, in attempting оr committing a theft offense*** shall use or threaten , the immediate use of force against another.”
The Court of Appeals ruled that robbery is not a lesser-included offense of aggravated robbery under R. C. 2911.01(A)(1) because the “use or threatened]**immediate usе of force against another,” which is an element of robbery, is not an element of aggravated robbery under R. C. 2911.01(A)(1). Accord State v. Washington (1978),
The state herein counters that robbery is a lesser-included offense because the “deadly weapon element” of aggravаted robbery under R. C. 2911.01(A)(1), i.e., “hav[ing] a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance* **on or about his person or under his control,” necessarily embraces “use or threaten[ed] * * * immediate use of force against another.” In support of this contention, the statе argues that “force” within the meaning of the robbery statute should be given a broad interpretation.
The state’s argument is without merit. This court is bound by the language of criminal provisions, not unofficial Legislative Service Commission Notes. Additionally, this court is required to construe such criminal provisions “strictly * * * against the state, and liberally* * * in favor of the accused.” R. C. 2901.04(A). Accord Harrison v. Ohio (1925),
Irrespective of how broadly “force” is defined under the robbery statute, it remains that an accused can be convicted of aggravated robbery under R. C. 2911.01(A)(1) without having used or threatened to use any force, as long as the accused merely possesses a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance during the commission of a theft. Thus, since aggravated robbery under R. C. 2911.01(A)(1) does not include an element concerning the use or threatened use of force, robbery under R. C. 2911.02, which does include such an element, is not a lesser-included offense.
The General Assembly has codified R. C. 2911.02 and 2911.01(A)(1) as separate and distinct offenses. Indeed, if we were to conclude instead that robbery under R. C. 2911.02 is a lesser-included offense of aggravated robbery under R. C. 2911.01(A)(1), we would in effect be usurping the legislative function by amending R. C. 2911.01(A)(1) to include “use or threaten [ed]* * * immediate use of force against another” as an additional element.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
The indictment herein paraphrases R. C. 2911.01(A)(1). It states that defendant “*** unlawfully and purposely on or about the 19th day of Januаry, 1978, did, in attempting or committing a theft offense, as defined in Section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or in fleeing immediately after such attempt or offense, have a deadly weapon, to-wit: a handgun, on or about his person or under his control, in violation of Sectiоn 2911.01 of the Ohio Revised Code, a Felony in the First Degree.”
See R. C. 2945.74 and Crim R. 31(C).
Assuming, arguendo, that we did herein interpret R. C. 2911.01 (A)(1) to include this additional element, and thus sustаin the robbery conviction, we would be required to confront the possible defect of convicting this defendant for an offense not fairly discoverable as a separate and distinct offense or as a lesser-included offense from the indictment (seе fn. 1), from R. C. 2911.01(A)(1) and 2911.02, and from the then existing case law (see State v. Washington, supra).
Concurrence Opinion
Holmes, J., concurring.
I concur in the opinion of the majority herein based upon the following reаsoning.
We must start, first, with the basic statutory requirement of R. C. 2901.04(A) that, “Sections of the Revised Code defining offenses or penalties shall be strictly сonstrued against the state, and liberally construed in favor of the accused.”
Second, an indictment need not be in the exact language of the statute defining the offense, so long as all the essential elements of the crime are contained in languаge equivalent to that used in the statute, and the accused is advised in the indictment of the nature and cause of the accusation he is expected to meet. State v. Oliver (1972),
Here, the specific section of law set forth in the indictment was R. C. 2911.01(A)(1), which charged that the defendant, in committing or attempting to commit a theft offense, had a handgun “on or about his person, or under his control.” Thus, the issue for this court is whether the possession of a deadly weapon constitutes the use or threatened use of force which is one оf the elements of robbery under R. C. 2911.02. If these elements are indeed different, robbery may not be considered a lesser included offense of aggravated robbery, since all the elements of the lesser included offense must be present in the greater offensе as charged. State v. Hreno (1954),
I must agree with the appellee that the acceptance of appellant’s argument that the usе of force, or the threatened use of force, and the possession of a deadly weapon, are inherently synonymоus, would require an interpretation of R. C. 2911.01(A)(1) that adds an element of actual use, or the intent to use, a deadly weapon. Had thе indictment here encompassed R. C. 2911.01(A)(2), which sets forth the additional element, “[ijnflict, or attempt to inflict serious physical harm on another,” I would have much more difficulty with this concurrence.
The General Assembly may have attempted to carry out such a scheme, and the Legislative Comments would so indicate, but to so hold here would be contrary to the language specifically adopted by the General Assembly. If the crime of robbery is to be a lesser included offense of aggravated robbery in Ohio, the General Assembly will now have the opportunity to provide the appropriate language.